M.Sc. (Optometry) Syllabus & Regulations - Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR ...

THE TAMIL NADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-32
REGULATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY
In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 44 of the Tamil Nadu
Dr.M.G.R.Medical University, Chennai Act 1987 (Tamil Nadu Act 37 of 1987) the
Standing Academic Board of the Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R.Medical University, Chennai
hereby makes the following regulations:-
1. SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT:-
These regulations shall be called as “THE REGULATIONS FOR THE MASTER
OF SCIENCE (OPTOMETRY) OF THE TAMIL NADU Dr. MGR MEDICAL
UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI”.
They shall come into force from the academic year 2012-2013 onwards.
The Regulations and the Syllabus framed are subject to modification by the
Standing Academic Board from time to time.
2.OBJECTIVES: -
Optometry is a discipline concerned with
(a) Application of physical concepts and methods to the understanding of human field
vision in health and disease
(b) Introduction of new and more precise techniques into the investigation and
correction of vision treatment of the individual patient and
(c) Ensuring the availability and use of resources of Optometry in day –to –day
practice.
(d) At the end of the course the student must have an in depth knowledge in the field
of Optometry.
(e) Have an understanding about the radiation applications in diagnosis correction of
vision and treatment and its impact on health care and health care delivery.
3. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:-
Candidates who have passed B.Sc. ,(Optometry) degree of this University or any
other University recognized as equivalent thereto by the authority of this University.
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4. ELIGIBILITY CERTIFICATE:
Candidates who have passed any qualifying examination, as specified in
Regulation No.3 above from any other Universities other than the Tamil Nadu Dr.
M.G.R. Medical University before seeking admission to the affiliated institutions shall
obtain an Eligibility Certificate from the University by remitting the prescribed fees
along with the application form which shall be downloaded from the University website
(www.tnmgrmu.ac.in).
5. DURATION OF THE COURSE:- Two years
Each academic year shall consist of not less than 270 working days.
Total No. of days in a year 365 days
No. of weekly off( Sundays) - 52 days
No. of Government Holidays - 22 days
No. of Holidays - 21 days
------------ 95 days
------------
Total No. of working days including 270 days
examination period --------------
6. AGE LIMIT FOR ADMISSION :-
40 years. For SC/ST candidates age relaxation is for 5 years.
7. PHYSICAL FITNESS CERTIFICATE:
Every candidate before admission to the course shall submit to the Director of
the Institution a certificate of medical fitness from an authorized medical officer that
the candidate is physically fit and mentally sound to undergo the academic course and
does not suffer from any disability or contagious disease.
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8. CUT OFF DATES FOR ADMISSION TO THE COURSE
Candidates admitted up to 31st May/31st October shall be registered to take up
their first year examination from April / October of the next year, after fulfilment of
the regulations.
All kinds of admissions shall be completed on or before 31st May/ 31st October of
the academic year. There shall not be any admissions after 31st May/31st October , even
if seats are vacant.
* It was resolved XXXX111 S.A.B. Dated 19.12.2011.
9. REGISTRATION:
A candidate admitted to the Post Graduate Degree in Optometry shall
register his/ her name by submitting the prescribed application form for registration
duly filled in by remitting the prescribed fee to the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical
University within 30 days from the cut off date prescribed for Post Graduate Degree in
Optometry.
10. COMMENCEMENT OF THE COURSE:
1st May/1st October
• It was resolved XXXX111 S.A.B. Dated 19.12.2011.
11. MIGRATION/TRANSFER OF CANDIDATES
Request for Migration/Transfer of candidates during the course of
study from one recognized Institution to another recognized Institution of this
University or from other University shall not be granted under any circumstances.
12. RE-ADMISSION AFTER BREAK OF STUDY
As per the procedure laid down in a common regulation
for all the courses of the Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University.
13. POSTING AND TRAINING IN OUTSIDE CENTRES:
It is mandatory the M.Sc. (Optometry) student should undergo fifteen days of
posting in each Speciality Departments like Contact Lenses, Cornea, Paediatric,
Ophthalmology, Glaucoma, Low Vision and Retina (3 months).
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14. MAINTENANCE OF LOG BOOK:-
a) Every Post Graduate Degree candidate shall maintain a record of skills (Log
Book) he / she has acquired during the two years training period, certified by
the various Heads of Department, where he / she undergone training including
outside the institution.
b) The candidate should also be required to participate in the teaching and training
programme of post-graduate and intern-students.
c) In addition, the Head of the Department shall involve their Post-graduate
Degree course candidates in Seminars, Journal Clubs, Group Discussions and
participation in clinical.
d) Every Post- graduate Degree course candidate should be encouraged to present
short title papers in conferences and improve on it and submit them for
publication in reputed medical journals. Motivation by the Heads of
Departments is essential in this area to sharpen the research skills of the postgraduate
candidates.
e) The Head of the Department shall scrutinize the Log Book once in every three
months.
f) At the end of the course, the candidate should summaries the contents and get
the Log Book certified by the Head of the Department.
g) The Log Book for each years should be submitted 3 months prior to the final
year examinations.
15. DISSERTATION & EVALUATION:-
The topic of the dissertation should be submitted at the end of the first year of the
course. The candidate should also inform the name of the guide for the dissertation to the
University while submitting the dissertations topic.
If there are changes in the dissertation topic, the same has to be informed six
months prior to the final year examination.
The dissertation should be submitted duly signed by the Professor of
Ophthalmology and the same has to be forwarded to the Controller of Examination
through the Head of the Institution two months prior to the Examination.
For dissertation marks 200, Viva-voce on dissertation/Presentation mark 50 and IA
50– Minimum mark to pass 150.
* It was resolved XXXX111 S.A.B. Dated 19.12.2011.
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If the dissertation is not approved (Failed) by the majority of the examiners, the
results shall be withheld till the resubmitted dissertation is approved (Passed).
If the candidate fails in the Written / Practical Examination, but his / her
dissertation is approved(Passed), the approval of the dissertation shall be carried over
to the subsequent examination.
16. ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENT FOR ADMISSION TO
EXAMINATION
a) No candidate shall be permitted to appear in any one of the parts of M.Sc.,
(Optometry) Course Examinations, unless he / she has attended the course in all the
subjects for the prescribed period in an affiliated Institution recognized by this
University and has to produce the necessary certificates of study, attendance,
satisfactory conduct and progress from the Head of the Institution.
b) A candidate is required to put in a minimum of 90% of attendance (of 270 days)
each in theory and practical classes in each subject before admission to the
examination.
c) A candidate lacking in the prescribed attendance and progress in any one subject in
theory and practical classes, wherever necessary in the first appearance, shall not be
permitted for admission to the entire examination.
17. CONDONATION OF LACK OF ATTENDANCE:
programme.
There shall be no condonation of lack of attendance in Post Graduate degree
18.COMMENCEMENT OF EXAMINATION:
15th April/15th October
* It was resolved XXXX111 S.A.B. Dated 19.12.2011.
There shall be two University examinations in an academic year. The I Batch
Examinations will commence from 15th April and the II Batch Examinations will
commence from 15 th October. If the date of commencement of the examination falls on
Saturdays, Sundays or declared Public Holidays, the examination shall begin on the
next working day.
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19. MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION:
English shall be the medium of instruction for all the subjects
of study and examination of the Post-graduate Degree in Optometry.
20. AWARD OF DEGREE :-
The degree shall be awarded by the University only after the
successful completion of the course.
21. AWARD OF MEDALS / PRIZES:-
The University shall award at its Convocation, medals and prizes to
outstanding candidates as and when instituted by the Donors as per the schedule
prescribed for the award.
22. PASSING MINIMUM:
A candidate shall be declared to have passed in each paper/subject if he / she
secures NOT LESS THAN 50% of the marks prescribed for the examinations.
23. RETOTALLING OF ANSWER PAPERS:-
Re-totalling is allowed in the failed subjects. Revaluation is not allowed.
24. NUMBER OF APPEARANCE/COMPLETION OF THE COURSE OF STUDY
The duration for completion of the course is double the duration of the
course i.e. 4 years to pass the examination, from the date of joining the course.
Otherwise he / she has to be discharged from the course.
25. CURRICULUM:- FIRST YEAR:
Paper - I 0ptometry-I
Paper - II Optometry in Special Need Group – LVA
Paper - III Orthoptics
Paper - IV Contact Lens-I
Paper - V Optometric Instruments
Paper - VI Ocular Diseases-I
Paper - VII Optometric Investigation
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SECOND YEAR:
Paper - I Optometry-II
Paper - II Evidence based Optometry
Paper - III Advanced Orthoptics
Paper - IV Ocular Diseases II
Paper - V Contact Lens-II
Paper - VI Community Optometry
Paper - VII Applied & Clinical Optometry
Paper - VIII Systemic Diseases and the eye
examination.
Dissertation is to be submitted three months before the final year
26. INTERNAL ASSESSMENT:
The Internal Assessment should consist of the following points for Evaluation:-
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT – SCHEME : 50 MARKS
Theory Practical Log Book
20 marks 20 marks 10 marks
The Internal Assessment of the candidate has to be assessed on the above
points and a report has to be submitted by the institution as detailed below:-
The aggregate of Final Internal Assessment Marks should be submitted 2
months before the commencement of the exam as per scheme of examination shall
be taken by the University as Internal Assessment Marks and minimum of 50%
marks is mandatory for permitting the candidates to sit for the University
examinations.
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27. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION:
FIRST YEAR
S.No Subjects
Internal
Assessment
(IA)
Theory
Practical
Viva Voice
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
1. 0ptometry-I 50 25 100 50 100 50 - -
2. Optometry in Special
Need Group – LVA
50 25 100 50 - - - -
3. Orthoptics 50 25 100 50 100 50 - -
4. Contact Lens-I 50 25 100 50 - - - -
5. Optometric
Instruments
50 25 100 50 100 50 - -
6. Ocular Diseases-I 50 25 100 50 - - - -
7. Optometric
Investigation
50 25 100 50 - - - -
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S.No Subjects
SECOND YEAR
Internal
Assessment
(IA)
Theory
Practical
Viva Voice
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
1. Optometry-II 50 25 100 50 - - - -
2. Evidence based
Optometry
50 25 100 50 100 50 - -
3. Advanced Orthoptics 50 25 100 50 100 50 - -
4. Ocular Diseases II 50 25 100 50 - - - -
5. Contact Lens-II 50 25 100 50 100 50 - -
6. Community
Optometry
7. Applied & Clinical
Optometry
8. Systemic Diseases
and the eye
50 25 100 50 - - - -
50 25 100 50
50 25 100 50
If a candidate fails in practical (or) theory he/she has to write BOTH the practical
paper and the RELATED theory subject.
Evaluation of Dissertation 200
Viva/Presentation 50
IA 50
Total 300
Passing Minimum 150
* It was resolved XXXX111 S.A.B. Dated 19.12.2011.
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The candidates having arrear papers should complete and pass the first
year papers before appearing for the final year examinations.
28. AUTHORITY TO ISSUE TRANSCRIPT :-
The Controller of Examinations shall be the authority for issuing transcript of
marks after remitting the prescribed fee.
29. SUBMISSION OF PRACTICAL RECORD BOOKS :-
At the time of Practical Examination, each candidate shall submit to the
Examiners his / her Practical Record Books duly certified by the Head of the
Department as a bonafide record of the work done by the candidate.
The concerned Head of the Department shall evaluate the Practical Record
(Internal Assessment) and the Practical Record shall be presented to the Examiner at
the time of examinations at the end of each year.
30. QUESTION PAPER PATTERN:-
Theory
Essay - 2 x 20 Marks = 40 Marks
Short Notes - 10 x 6 Marks = 60 Marks
Requirement for pass: 50% in each paper
-------------
100 Marks
-------------
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SYLLABUS FOR M.Sc. OPTOMETRY COURSE
PAPER I OPTOMETRY I
OPTICS A
1. NATURE OF LIGHT:
FIRST YEAR
a) Wave nature of light – short comings of wave theory.
b) Quantum theory – dual nature of light.
c) Mathematical representation of wave – S.H.M. Energy composition of
S.H.M. in a straight line and at right angles.
d) Huygen’s Principle – Laws of reflection and refraction at spherical
surfaces and lenses.
e) The paraxial region.
f) Ray and wave velocity.
2. INTERFERENCE:
a) Description of the phenomena – Young’s experiments, coherent sources, phase
and path difference, and intensity. Theory of interference fringes.
b) Interference in this films – interference due to reflected and transmitted
light – eye’s single mirror.
c) Colours of thin films – wedge shaped thin films – testing of plainness of
surface.
d) Newton’s rings experiment – refractive index of liquid.
e) Non-reflecting films.
f) Visibility of fringes.
3. DIFFRACTION:
a) Single slit, qualitative and quantitative.
b) Circular aperture
c) Double slit pattern
d) Multiple slit grating
e) Reflection grating and the zone plate.
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4. POLARISATION:
a) Polarization of tranverese waves – light as transverse waves.
b) Double refraction, principal plans, Nicol prism – plane polarization
c) Circular, elliptic polarization production, detection and behaviour.
d) Optical activity – Fresnel’s half shade polarimeter.
e) Polarisation by selective absorption – dichorism.
f) Basic principles of Holography.
5. SPECTRUM:
a) Sources of spectrum, Bunsen – carbon – mercury - sodium
b) Emission and absorption spectra – classification –visible – ultra violet
and intra red spectra – electromagnetic spectrum.
6. SCATTERING:
a) Rayleigh’s scattering
b) Raman scattering
7. SURFACE TENSION
8. VISCOSITY
Principles of Lighting
1. Visual Tasks – Factors affecting Visual tasks.
2. Modern theory on light and colour synthesis of light
3. Additive and subtractive synthesis of colour
4. Light sources – Modern light sources, spectral energy, distribution,
luminous efficiency, colour temperature, colour rendering
5. Illumination – Luminious flux, candela, solid angle
6. Illumination – Utilization factor, depreciation factor
7. Illumination laws
8. Lighting installation – glare, luminaries, lighting fixtures, types of lighting.
9. Requirements for illuminations of work place
10. Typical lighting installations
11. Specialized aspects of illumination, endoscopes, headlamps etc.
12. Photometry – measurement of illumination, photometers and filters.
13. Eye care and lighting – special case.
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Text and reference Books:
a) Geometrical, Physical and Visual Optics – Micheale Keating Butterworth
Heinemann.
b) A Textbook of Optics N.SUBRAMANYAM & BRIJLAL
c) Fundamental of Optics : F.A. JENKINS & H.E. WHITE
1. Photometry
OPTICS B
a. Basic concepts and definitions in Photometry.
b. Reflection co-efficient, transmission co-efficient, powers –transmitted
and reflected – Lumen Bodhun photometer.
2. Refraction Through Spherical Surfaces :
a. Introduction – Lens shapes, vergences and conversion factors.
Divergence and secondary focal points – predictable rays.
b. Spherical refracting interfaces – convex, concave, derivation of
vergence equation, sagittas, dioptric power – focal points, nodal points
and plane. Symmetry point imaging examples, lateral magnification.
c. Thin lens equation – lenses in contact separated. Two lens systems –
reduced systems using vergence techniques.
d. Application – calculation of image points, dioptric powers in reduced
systems using vergence techniques.
e. Thick lenses – front and back vertex powers – reduced system –dioptric
power of equivalent lenses, cardinal points. Application to calculate
the equivalent dioptric power of thick meniscus lens. Plano convex,
vertex powers, position of principal planes, dioptric powers using
reduced systems. Matrix theory and lens matrices.
3. Aberrations:
a. Chromatic aberrations – dispersion without deviation and deviation
with dispersion.
b. Dispersion by a prism – angular dispersion – dispersion power –
dispersion without deviation and deviation without dispersion.
Achromatic prims and lenses – prism diopters.
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c. Monochromatic aberrations – first order and third order theory.
d. Spherical aberrations, coma, astigmatism, curvature, distortion – cause
and the methods of minimizing aberrations.
e. Tangent condition for elimination of distortion
4. Fiber optics – Introduction and uses, general applications in Ophthalmic &
Optical industry.
5. Colour theories – trichromatic colour measurement.
6. Optical instruments – spectrometer – simple and compound microscope –
telescope. Fresnel’s biprism – Resolving power of optical instruments –
Dispersion power – magnifying power of simple and compound
microscope, t telescope.
7. Applications of vergence technique to calculate dioptric powers,
separation distances in microscopes and telescopes.
Geometrical Optics Lectures by Physics faculty
1. Rectilinear propagation, Shadows, Huygen’s principle.
2. Reflection at plane mirrors, Multiple reflections.
3. Refraction, refractive index, velocity of light.
4. Vergence – Power of single surface. Ray tracing.
5. Thin lens image formation Conjugate foci.
6. Lens aberrations – general
7. Lens aberrations – correction
8. Astigmatic pencils
9. Chromatic aberrations of lenses and its correction.
10. Total internal reflection prism deviation.
11.Minimum and maximum deviation – achromatic prisms.
12.Spherical, Cylindrical and toric surfaces.
13.Aspheric surfaces and lenses.
14.Coaxial systems of spherical surfaces. Reduced vergence
15.Coaxial systems of thin lenses.
16.Stops and apertures in lens systems.
17. Thick lenses and lens systems
18. Thick lenses – advances
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19.Dispersion Spectra
20.Magnification and magnifiers.
21.Microscopes introductory
22.Microscopes design
23. Telescopes – History and principles
24. Telescopes – Design and uses
25.Holograms
Text and reference Books
a. Geometrical, Physical and Visual Optics – Micheale Keating Butterworth
Heinemann
b. A Text Book of Optics : N. Subramaniam & Brij Lal
c. Fundamentals of Optics : F.A. Jenkins & H. E. White
d. Physics for Ophthalmologist – Douglas J.Coster
OPTICS C
Ophthalmic Lenses Theory Basics (i)
1. Introduction – Light, mirror, reflection, refraction & absorption.
2. Definitions – Prisms, lenses, frames, spectacles.
3. Prisms – definition, properties, refraction through prisms units.
4. Prisms – uses of prisms. Nomenclature prisms.
5. Thickness difference and base – apex notation.
6. Sign Conventions.
7. Lenses – Definition, Terminology used to describe lenses.
8. Form of Lenses – Convex lenses & concave lenses
9. Refraction & image formation through convex and concave lenses.
10.Determination of focal length and dioptric power of iris.
11.Surface power and radius, refractive index values.
12.Vertex distance and vertex power.
13.Effectivity and effective powers.
14.Lens shape, size, Types i.e. Spherical, Cylindrical, Sphero cylindrical
15. Toric surfaces and their significance, Toric lenses
16.Sturm’s conoid.
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17.Neutralization of lenses
18.Spherometer and sag formula
19.Focimeter – power of lens and prisms
20.Center marking & Axis marking by focimeter.
21.Simple Transposition.
22. Toric transposition.
23.Prismatic effect, Centeration. Decentration, Prentice’s rule.
24.Prismatic effect of sphero-cylinders and Plano cylinders.
25.Differential prismatic effects.
26.Decentration of lenses and edge thickness.
27.Decentration examples.
28.Components and interpretation of spectacles prescription.
29.Prescription mistakes commonly made.
30.Prismatic effect of sphero-cylindrical lenses.
31.Aberrations in Opthalmic lenses
32. Tilt induced power in spectacles lenses
33.Magnification in high plus lenses
34.Minification in high minus lenses
Ophthalmic Lenses Types, Manufacturing, Workshop Practice
1. Prescription laboratory in action.
2. Instruments for making lenses
3. Outline of lens surfacing and polishing
4. Recording and ordering of Ophthalmic lenses
5. Terminology used in Lens workshops
6. Ophthalmic raw material – history and general outline.
7. Manufacturing of Ophthalmic blanks – Glass
8. Glass lenses – material types and characteristics
9. Glass working –spherical surfaces
10.Glass working – Toric and Aspeherical
11.ISI Standards for lenses
12.Ophthalmic lens designs – best form lenses
13.Design of high powered lenses
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14.Bifocal design and manufacture
15.Faults in lenses – description
16.Faults in lenses – detection
Spectacles Frames – theory basics (1)
1. History of spectacles
2. Nomenclature and terminology
3. Types and Parts of spectacle frames
4. Spectacles frames – sides and joints
5. Spectacle frame bridge
6. Shapes of spectacle frames – advantages and disadvantages
7. Spectacle frame measurements and markings.
Text and reference Books
a) Spectacle Lenses – Theory and practice – Coling Fowler, Butterworth
Heinemann.
b) Ophthalmic Lenses and dispensing – M.Jalie, Butterworth Heinemann.
c) Spectacles Lenses – Theory & Practice – Colin Fowler, Keziah Latham
d) Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing – M.Jalie
PAPER – II OPTOMETRY IN SPECIAL NEED
GROUP – LVA
Unit-I
1. a. Correction of spherical ametropia
b. Axial versus refractive ametropia
c. Ocular refraction versus spectacle refraction
d. Ocular accommodation versus spectacle accommodation
e. Rational image blur, depth of focus and depth of field.
2. Measurement of the optical constants of the eye
a. Corneal curvature and thickness
b. Keratometry
c. Curvature of the lens and ophthalmic phakometry
d. Axial and axis of the eye
e. Far and Near Point of Accommodation
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f. Subjective Methods of refractions
g. Objective Methods of refraction
h. Guideline for correction of refractive error
i. Patient Management
Unit-II
Optics Practical Demonstrations
1. Visual acuity, stereo acuity in emmetropia
2. Myopia and pseudomyopia, myopia and visual acuity
3. Myopic correction-subjective verification and monocular and binocular
4. Hypermetropia – determination of manifest error subjectively
5. Hypermetropio correction – subjective verification
6. Demonstration of astigmatism: Use of slit and keratometry to find the
principal meridians
7. Astigmatism: Fan – subjective verification tests.
8. Astigmatism: Cross-cyl. Subjective verification tests.
9. Measurement of accommodation: near and far points and range
10.Presbyopic correction and methods: accommodative reserve, balancing
the relative accommodation and cross grid cylinder test.
11.Methods of differentiating axial and refractive ametropia
12.Practice of Retinoscopy – Emmetropia
13.Practice of Retinoscopy - spherical ametropia
14.Practice of Retinoscopy – simple astigmatism
15.Practice of Retinoscopy – compound hyperopia.
Unit-III: Low Vision Aids
1. Identifying a low vision patient
2. History
3. Refraction
4. Evaluation of near vision Amsler grid and the field defects
5. Demonstrating aids
6. Teaching the patient to use aids
7. Guide to selected low vision aids
8. Fitting spectacles telescope and glasses
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9. Children with low vision
10.Effects of the eye condition of functional vision
11.Light, glare and contrast in low vision care rehabilitation
12.Diagnostic procedures in low vision care management
13.Optics of low vision aids
14.Bioptic telescopes
15.Optical devices that help people with field defects
Text Book & Reference Books
a. Practice of Refraction – Duke Elders, Edn. 9, 1991
b. Optics & Refraction – A.K. Khurana
c. Clinical Optics – Budd Appleton
d. Low Vision Aids – Monika Chaudhry
PAPER – III - ORTHOPTICS
Investigation of Normal Binocular Function and Vision
1. History & Observation
2. Cover Test & Assessment of Ocular Motility to include all systems
3. Assessment of Vision: Methodology; Selection of tests; Modification of Testing
in relation to Amblyopia; Investigation of non-organic Vision Loss
4. Accommodation / Convergence: Types of Convergence; Accommodative Lead &
Lag; Relative Convergence & Accommodation; AC/A & CA/C Ratios;
Classification of Convergence & Accommodation Anomalies; Management of
Convergence & Accommodation Anomalies; Relevance to Strabismus
5. Assessment of Fusion: Motor Fusion; Relative Fusional Vergences;
Methodology; Normative Values; Significance of Defective Fusion
6. Assessment of Stereopsis: Types of Stereotests; Application to Age Group &
Quality of BSV
Amblyopia
1. Development
2. Classification
3. Investigation
4. Factors influencing prognosis
5. Optical, Pharmacological & Orthoptic Management
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Concomitant Strabismus
Heterophoria
1. Associated / dissociated Heterophoria
2. Classification
3. Investigation
4. Indications for Treatment
5. Optical, Orthoptic & Surgical Management
Heterotropia
1. Classification of Esotropia: Microtropia; Infantile (to include DVD) Nystagmus
Blockage Syndrome; Acquired Constant Esotropia; Intermittent Esotropia:
Near; Distance & Non-specific; Accommodative Esotropia: Fully
Accommodative; Convergence Excess; Partially Accommodative Esotropia;
Cyclic Esotropia; Secondary Esotropia; Consecutive Esotropia
2. Classification of Exotropia: Infantile Exotropia; Constant Acquired Exotropia;
Intermittent Exotropia: Near; Distance; Secondary Exotropia; Consecutive
Exotropia; Associated Vertical Deviations
3. Clinical Characteristics & Differential Diagnoses of Esotropias & Exotropias
4. Assessment of Binocular Function in Heterotropia and Significance of Findings
5. Associated Alphabetical Patterns and Influence on Findings
6. Optical, Orthoptic & Surgical Management of Heterotropia, including Timing of
Intervention
Infranuclear Deviations
1. Functions of EOM: Primary,Secondary & Tertiary actions; OM systems
2. Examination of EOM function & systems; Examination of versions / ductions;
Hess / Lees screens; Field of BSV; Field of Uniocular Fixation
3. Muscle sequelae; Differential Diagnosis of Neurogenic / Mechanical Palsies
Neurogenic Palsies
1. Aetiology of Cranial Nerve Palsies
2. Diagnosis & Characteristics of IIIN Palsy; Partial / Complete IIIN palsy;
Differential Diagnosis of Congenital/ Acquired IIIN Palsy; Misdirection
Syndrome; Management of IIIN Palsy
3. Characteristics & Diagnosis of IVN Palsy; Differential Diagnosis of Congenital /
Acquired IVN Palsy; Bielschowsky Head Tilting Test; Park’s Three Step Test;
Management of IVN Palsy
4. Characteristics & Diagnosis of VIN Palsy; Differential Diagnosis Congenital /
Acquired VIN Palsy; Differential Diagnosis of Congenital VIN Palsy & Duane’s
Retraction Syndrome; Management of VIN Palsy
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Mechanical Palsies
1. Aetiology, Clinical Characteristics & Diagnosis of Duane’s Retraction Syndrome
2. Aetiology, Clinical Characteristics & Diagnosis of Brown’s Syndrome
3. Aetiology, Clinical Characteristics & Diagnosis of General Fibrosis Syndrome;
Strabismus Fixus; Adherence Syndrome
4. Aetiology, Clinical Characteristics & Diagnosis of Blow-out Fractures
5. Aetiology, Clinical Characteristics & Diagnosis of Thyroid Eye Disease
6. Management of Mechanical Deviations
Internuclear Palsy
1. Aetiology, Clinical Characteristics & Diagnosis of Internuclear Palsies;
Unilateral / Bilateral INO;
2. Management of INO
Supranuclear Palsy
1. Aetiology, Clinical Characteristics & Diagnosis of Supranuclear Palsies;
2. Management of Supranuclear Palsies
Nystagmus
1. Classification
2. Investigation;
3. Significance in Strabismus; Significance in Assessment of VA & Refraction
4. Management of Nystagmus
Anomalies of Binocular Vision in Congenital Syndromes
To include: Marcus Gunn Jaw-Winking phenomenon; Down’s Syndrome; Cerebral
Palsy; Craniofacial Anomalies
Reference Books:
1. Pediartirc ophthalmology & Strabismus, Basic & Clinical Science course,
American Academy of Opthalmology
2. Pediartic Ophthalmology & Strabismus, Kenneth. W. Wright, Mosby Publishers,
St. Louis,MO 63146
3. Pediatric Optimetry, Jerome Rosner, Butterworth Publishers, Houston, Texas.
4. Clinical Management of Binocular Vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative and Eye
movement disorders, Mitchell Scheiman & Bruce Wick, Lippincott Wiliams &
Winkins.
5. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders
Ansons and Davis. 3 rd Edition. (Blackwell Science)
6. Clinical Orthoptics. Fiona Rowe. 2 nd Edition. (Blackwell Science)
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7. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. Theory and Management of Strabismus.
G.K. Von Noorden and E.C. Campos. 6 th Edition. (Mosby)
8. The Neuro-Ophthalmology Survival Guide. Anthony Pane, Michael Burdon and
Neil R Miller. Mosby Elsevier.
PAPER – IV - CONTACT LENS I
Unit-I
1. History of Contact lenses
2. Related ocular anatomy and physiology
3. Related Visual Optics
4. Contact Lens materials, terminology, classification
5. Optics of contact Lenses, comparison spectacles
6. Indications and contraindications
7. Advantages and disadvantages of types of Contact lenses
8. Manufacturing Rigid and Soft Contact lenses – various methods
9. Pre-Fitting examination – steps, significance, recording of results
10.Instruments used for examination
11.Special Investigations in pre-fitting examinations
12.Keratometry and Cornea; topography
13.Slit Lamp examination
14.Discussion with patient, choice of lens type
Unit-II
1. Fitting philosophies of contact Lenses – general outline
2. Fitting Rigid Contact lenses
3. Using trial lenses – calculations involved
4. Methods of assessment of Contact Lens fit.
5. Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum – on spherical cornea.
6. Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum – on Toric cornea with spherical lenses
7. Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum – on Toric cornea with toric lenses
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Unit-III
1. Calculation and finalizing of Contact Lens parameters
2. Ordering Rigid verifying Contact Lens – writing a prescription to the
Laboratory.
3. Checking and verifying Contact Lens from Laboratory
4. Modifications possible with Rigid lenses
5. Components of Lens Care systems for Rigid lenses
6. Contact lens solutions- composition necessity advantages.
7. Teaching the patient to insert and remove Rigid lenses.
8. Common handling instructions to first time wearers
9. Special instructions to the patient wearing Rigid Gas Permeable Contact
Lenses.
Text and reference books
a. Contact Lenses – Dr. V.K. Dada
b. Contact Lenses Practice – MONTAGUE RUBEN
PAPER – V - OPTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS
Lecture Topics
Unit-I
1. Binocular Vision
Unit-II
1. Refractive Instruments
a. Test charts standards
b. Choice of test charts
c. Trial case lenses
d. Refractor (phoropter) head units
e. Optical considerations of refractor units
f. Trial frame design
g. Near vision difficulties with units and trial frames
h. Retinoscope – types available
i. Adjustment of Retinoscope – special features
j. Cylinder retinoscopy
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k. Objective optopmeters
l. Coincidence optometers-principals and details
m. Infrared optometer devices
n. The interpretation of objective findings
o. Speacial subjective test polarizing and displacement etc.
p. Projection charts
q. Illumination of the consulting room
r. Time and motion study in refraction
s. Furniture and accessories in the practice
t. Instruments of the future
Unit-III
1. Ophthalmoscopes and related devices
a. Design of ophthamoscopes- illumination
b. Design of ophthamoscopes- viewing
c. Ophthamoscopes disc
d. Filters for ophthamoscopes
e. Indirect ophthamoscopes
f. The use of ophthamoscopes in special cases.
2. Lensometer, lens gauge or clock
Unit-IV
1. Slit Lamp
a. Slit lamp systems
b. Viewing microscope systems
c. Slit lamps in production
d. Slit lamp accessories
e. Slit lamp techniques
f. Slit lamp appearances
g. Mechanical design instruments
2. Tonometer
a. Tonometer principles
b. Types of tonometers and standardization
c. Use and interpretation of tonometers
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3. Fundus Camera
a. The fundus camera - principles
b. The fundus camera – techniques
4. External eye photography - apparatus.
a. External eye photography - techniques
5. Corneal examination
a. Placidos Disc.
b. Keratometer
c. Video Keratoscopy
d. Corneal Topography
e. Specular Microscope
f. Aesthesiometer
g.Pachymetry
6. Exopthalmometer
7. Refractionometer
8. Orthoptic Instruments
a. Orthoptic instruments - haploscopes
b. Orthoptic instruments – home devices
c. Orthoptic instruments – pleoptics
d. Historical instruments
Unit-V
1. Colour vision testing devices
2. Field of vision and screening devices.
a. Perimeter and visual field
b. Campimeters and fixation devices
c. Illumination of field testing instruments
d. Projection perimeters and Campimeters
e. e Screening devices for field defects
f. Results of field examination
g. Vision screeners – principles
h. Vision screeners – details
i. Analysis of screener results
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3. OCT
Text and reference Books
a. Basic Ophthalmology - Renu Jogi 3rd
Ed., Jaypee published
b. Parson’s Diseases of the eye – Ramanjit Sihota. Radhika Tandon 20th
Ed. Elsvier Pvt. Ltd.
c. Low Vision Aids – Monica Chaudhry 2006 Jaypee published
d. Practical Manual of Ophthalmology – Vinod Lohiya 2006, Jaypee
published
e. Basic Ophthalmology – Basak
PAPER – VI - OCULAR DISEASES – I
Lecture Topics
Unit-I: Eyelids
1. Eyelid anatomy
2. Congenital and developmental anomalies
3. Blepharospasm
4. Ectropion
5. Entropion
6. Trichiasis and symblepharon
7. Eyelid inflammations
8. Eyelid tumors
9. Ptosis
10.Eyelid retraction
11.Eyelid trauma
Lacrimal System
1. Lacrimal anatomy
2. Lacrimal pump
3. Methods of lacrimal evaluation
4. Congenital and development anomalies of the lacrimal system
5. Lacrimal obstruction
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6. Lacrimal sac tumors
1. Lacrimal trauma
Unit-II: Sclera, Episclera
1. Ectasis and staphyloma
2. Scleritis and episcleritis
Orbit
1. Orbital anatomy
2. Incidence of orbital abnormalities
3. Methods of orbital examination
4. Congenital and developmental anomalies of the orbit
5. Orbital tumors
6. Orbital inflammation
7. Sinus disorders affecting the orbit
8. Orbital trauma
Unit-III: Conjunctiva and Cornea
a. Inflammation
b. 1. Therapeutic principles,
2. Specific inflammatory diseases
c. Tumors
1. Tumors of epithelial orgin
2. Glandular and adenexa tumors
3. Tumors of neuroectodermal origin
4. Vascular Tumors
5. Xanthomatous origin
6. Inflammatory tumors
7. Metastatic lesions
d. Degeneration and dystrophies
1. Definition
2. Degeneration’s
3. Dystrophies
Page 27

e. Miscellaneous conditions
1. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (K-Sicca)
2. Tear function tests
3. Steven Johnson syndrome
4. Ocular Rosacea
5. Atopic eye disorders
6. Benign mucosal pemphigoid (BMP)-ocular pemhigold
7. Vitamin A deficiency
8. Metabolic diseases associated with corneal changes
Unit-IV: IRIS, Ciliary Body and Pupil
a. Congenital anomalies
b. Primary and secondary disease of the iris and ciliary body
c. Tumors
d. Anomalies of pupillary reaction
Choroid
a. Congenital anomalies of the choroid
b. Diseases of the choroid
c. Tumors
Text and reference books
a. Parsons Diseases of the eye,Ramanjit Sihota, Radhika Tondon. 20th Ed.
Elsevier. Pvt. Ltd.
b. Clinical Ophthalmology – JACK J. KANSKI, 2nd
Ed., 1989 Butterworths.
c. Modern Ophthlmology – L.C.Dutta 3rd
Ed., Jaypee publishers.
d. Ophthalmology for undergraduate strudents – M.L Agrawal, L.C. Gupta,
Sanjeev Agarval - Jaypee published 1st Ed.
e. Text book of ophthalmology – H.V. Nema 4th
Ed., Jaypee publishers.
f. Basic Ophthalogy – Renu Jogi Jaypee publishers.
Page 28

PAPER – VII - OPTOMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS
Lecture Topics
Unit-I
1. Visual Acuity Testing & Theory
2. Colour Vision Testing & Theory
3. Electro Retino Graphy, E.R.G.
4. Electro Oculo Graphy, E.O.G.
5. Electro Myo Graphy, E.M.G.
6. Electro Nystagmo Graphy, E.N.G.
Unit-II
1. Fluorescein Angiography F.A.
2. Ultrasono Graphy U.S.G.
3. Visual Evoked Response / Potential V.E.R. or V.E.P.
4. Tonometer, Tonometry & Tonography
5. Visual Field Charting & Perimetry
6. Adaptation & Adaptometry
7. Berman’s Locator
Unit-III
1. Cryo Technique
2. Diathermy
3. Photo-coagulation
4. Method’s of examination (Focal illumination)
5. Slit lamp and attachments
6. Goinoscopy
7. Pachymetry
8. Ocular Photography (Ant.Seg.)
9. Contact & Trans-illumination
Unit-IV
1. pH Testing & Schirmer’s Test
2. Fluorescein Staining & Techniques
3. Syringing & Lacrimal Function Test
4. Ophthalmoloscopy
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5. Retinoscopy
6. Auto-Refraction
7. Keratometry
8. Ophthalmic Lens Measuring Instruments
Text and reference books
a. Clinical procedures in Primary Eye Care – David Elliott, Butterworth
Heinemann
b. Basic and Clinical Science Course, American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO)
c. Clinical Ophthalmology – JACK J. KANSKI, 2nd Ed. 1989 Butterwosths.
Page 30

PAPER – I - OPTOMETRY-II
OPTICS A
Lecture Topics
SECOND YEAR
1. Introduction Vergence and vergence techniques revised. Lens power,
prism power, and cylindrical lenses.
2. Gullstrand’s schematic eyes, visual acuity, Stile Crawford experiment and
binocular telescopes.
3. Emmetropia and ametropia
4. Correction of spherical ammetropia.
5. Thin lens model of the eye – angular magnification – magnification of
microscope telescope, spectacle and relative spectacle magnification.
6. Applications- to calculate the angular magnification, dioptric power of
the spectacles, spectacles magnification, entrance and exit pupils, vertex
distances.
7. Presbyopia.
8. Aphakia
9. Astigmatism – Applications – for e.g. To calculate the dioptoric power,
angular magnification of spectacles in aphakic, presbyopic patients. To
calculate the position of the line image in a sphere cylindrical lens.
10. Laser optics- basic laser principles, - spontaneous and emission.
Coherencespatial, temporal, laser pumping, population inversion optical
feedback laser resonator stability condition.Gas lasers, and solid lasers,
Helium-neon laser Argon ion laser-ruby laser. Monocular laser –
carbondioxide, eximer laser. Semi conductor lasers. Lasers in medicine.
11. Holography
12. Spatial distribution of optical information- modulation transfer functions-
Spatial filtering – applications.
Text and reference Books
a. Optics, WHA Fincham, 9th
edition, Butterworths, 1980.
b. Optics of human eye – Smith Etichision.
Page 31

Lecture Topics
OPTICS B
Unit-I: Review of Geometrical Optics
1. Vergence and power
2. Sign convention
3. Spherical refracting surface
4. Spherical mirror; catoptric power
5. Cardinal points
6. Magnification
Unit-II: Optics of Ocular Structure
1. Cornea and aqueous
2. Crystalline lens
3. Vitreous
4. Schematic and reduced eye
Unit-III
(A) Refractive conditions of eye
1. Emmetropia
2. Myopia
3. Hyperopia
4. Astigmatism
5. Presbyopia
(B) Refractive Anomalies and Their Cause
1. Aetiology of refractive anomalies
2. Contributing variabilities and their ranges
3. Populating distributions of anomalies
4. Optical component measurements
5. Growth of the eye in relation to refractive errors
Unit-IV: Accommodation and Convergence
1. Far and Near point of accommodation, range of accommodation
amplitude
2. Methods of measurement of Accommodation
3. Near point of convergence of significance
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4. Methods of measurements of Convergence
5. Accommodative Convergence Accommodation ratio
Unit-V: Retinoscopy – Principles and Methods
1. Retinoscopy – speed of reflex and optimum condition
2. Retinoscopy – design consideration
3. Review of objective refractive methods
4. Review of subjective refractive methods
5. Cross cylinder methods for astigmatism
6. Difficulties in subjective tests and their avoidance
7. Transposition of lenses
8. Spherical equivalent.
Practical Demonstrations
1. Visual acuity, stereo acutiy in emmetropia
2. Myopia and pseudomyopia, myopia and visual acuity
3. Measurement of accommodation: near and far points and range
4. Measurement of Convergence – near point and adduction and abduction range
5. Practice of retinoscopy – Emmetropia
6. Practice of retinoscopy - spherical ametropia
7. Practice of retinoscopy – simple astigmatism
8. Practice of retinoscopy – compound hyperopia
9. Practice of retinoscopy – compound myopia
10. Practice of retinoscopy – oblique astigmatism
11. Practice of retinoscopy – media opacities
12. Practice of retinoscopy – in irregular astigmatism
13. Interpretation of cycloplegic retinoscopic findings
Text and reference books
a. Optics and Refraction – L.P.Aggarwal
b. Principles of Optics and Refraction – Duke Elder
c. Optics & Refraction – A.K. Khuara
d. Visual Optics and Refraction – A clinical approach DAVID D.MICHAELS.
The C.V.Mosby & Co. 1985.
e. Principal & Practice of Refraction – N.C.Singhal
Page 33

PAPER – II - EVIDENCE BASED OPTOMETRY
Lecture Topics
Unit-I: Ophthalmic Lenses Types, Manufacturing, Workshop Practice
1. Recording and ordering of Ophthalmic lenses
2. Terminology used in lens workshop
3. Ophthalmic raw materials – history and general outline
4. ISI Standards for lenses
5. Manufacturing of Ophthalmic blanks – Plastics
6. Plastic lenses – materials types and characteristics
7. Plastic lenses – manufacture
8. Ophthalmic lens designs – best form lenses
9. Design of high powered lenses
10.Bifocal design and manufacture
11.Unusual Lens forms
12.Faults in lenses – description
13.Faults in lenses – detection
Unit-II: Types of Ophthalmic lenses
1. Aspheric lenses
2. High index lenses
3. Bifocal and multifocal lenses – types and characteristics.
4. Bifocal and multifocal lenses - purposes and choice
5. Photo chromic lenses
6. Polaroid lenses
7. Tinted lenses – absorptive properties
8. Tinted lenses – examples and discussions
9. Special purpose lenses
Unit-III: Spectacle Frames – theory basics (I)
1. History of spectacles
2. Nomenclature and terminology
3. Classification of frames – Temple position, colouration
4. Types of frame materials – advantages and disadvantages
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5. Frame materials – Gold
6. Frame materials – Basic metal
7. Frame materials – Plastics
8. Manufacturing of spectacle frames – overview
9. Face and frame measurement
10.Dyes and colorants – lenses and frames
Unit-IV: Spectacle manufacturing – Optician shops (II)
1. Dispensing counter organization
2. Types of spectacle frames available
3. Types of human faces
4. Face and frame measurements
5. Choice of frames
6. Cosmetic dispensing – different types of faces colours etc.
7. Functional dispensing – various professions and age groups
8. Special purpose frames and accessories
9. Testing of frames – general
10. Testing of frames – special
11. Recording and ordering of frames and appropriate lenses
12. Measurement for ordering spectacles – IPD, marking center, vertex
distance calculations.
13. Special measurements for fitting special lenses – Bifocals, multifocals, prism
lenses etc.
14. Fitting of lenses in various types of frames.
15. Glazing and Edging Processes
16. Glazing of Bifocals, high powered, other special lenses.
17. Faults in lenses – description and detection
18. Final checking, adjustments to prescription spectacles
19. Final dispensing of spectacles to customer
20. Patient complaints, handing and correction
21. Repairs to spectacles – Soldering, rivets for metal plastics frames
22. Special types of spectacles and appliances
23. Monocells and Ptosis crutches
Page 35

Text and reference books
a. Principles of Ophthalmic Lenses : M.JALIE
b. Spectacle Lenses: Theory & Practice – Colin Fowler & Keziah Latham
c. Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing – M Jalie
OPTICS & REFRACTION
Lecture Topics
1. a. Tinted and protective lenses
b. Characteristics of tinted lenses
c. Absorptive glasses
d. Polarizing filters
e. Photochromaic filters
f. Reflecting filters
2. Bifocal lenses
3. Trifocal lenses
4. Progressive addition lenses
5. Lenticular lenses
6. a. Spectacle magnifiers
b. Recumbent prisms and present prims
c. Reflections from spectacle lenses, ghost images reflection in bifocals at
the dividing line.
d. Anti-reflection coating
e. Field of the view of the lenses.
f. Size, shape and mountings of the ophthalmic lenses
7. Effective power of spectacles, vertex distance effects
8. Spectacle magnification and relative spectacle magnification
Text and reference books
a. Principle of Ophthalmic Dispensing : M.JALIE
b. Spectacle Lens Theory & Practice – COLIN FOWLER
Page 36

PAPER – III - ADVANCED ORTHOPTICS
Lecturer Topics
Unit-I
Orthoptic check up and special instruments
a. Routine Orthoptic examination
b. Special Orthoptic investigation
c. Instruments used in Orthoptics
d. Diagnosis, prognosis & management methodologies
Neuro muscular anomalies
a. Classification
b. Hetrophoria & hetrotopia
c. Orthophoria
d. Concomitant & non concomitant
e. Paralytic squint
Unit-II
Aetiology
Factors responsible
Role of accommodation & convergence
Genetics and occurrence of squint and binocular vision problems.
Outline of Routine Orthoptics examination
Subjective symptoms – description and significance
Unit-III
History – recording and significance
Measurement of angles of deviation
Sensory signs of patients
Clinical picture of types of squint
a. Accommodative
b. Intermittent
c. Alternate
d. A & V. Phenomenon
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Unit-IV
Paralytic squint
Special forms of squint
Unit-V: Neuro-Ophthalmology
a. Neuro-ophthalmic examination
1. History &Visual function test
2. Technique of pupillary examination
3. Ocular motility
4. Checklist for testing
b. Visual sensory system
1. The retina optic disc, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts
2. The lateral genticulate body, optic radiations, visual cortex
3. The visual field
4. Disorders of visual system
c. Ocular motor system
1. Supranuclear control of eye movements
i. Saccadic system
ii. Clinical disorders of the saccadic system
Gaze palsies
Parkinson’s disease.
iii. Smooth pursuit system and disorders
iv. Non visual reflex system
v. Position maintenance system
vi. Nystagmus
2. Ocular motor nerves and medial longitudinal fasciculus
a. The facial nerve
b. Pain and sensation from the eye
c. Autonomic nervous system
d. Selected system disorders with neuro-ophthalmologic signs
Page 38

Text and reference books
a. Ocular motility = VIRGUNIA CARLSON HANSAN
b. Practical Orthoptics in the treatment of a squint = KETHLYLE & KENNTH
WYPER
c. Handbook of Orthoptic principles – G.T.Willonghby Cashell, Isobel Durran
Churchill Livingstone.
PAPER – IV - OCULAR DISEASES II
Lecture Topics
Unit-I: Vitreous
a. Developmental abnormalities
b. Hereditary hyaloidoretinopathies
Juvenile retinoschisis
Asteroid hyalosis
Cholestrolosis
c. Vitreous hemorrhage
Blunt trauma and vitreous
Inflammation and vitreous
Parasitic infestations
Pigment granules in the vitreous
d. Vitreous complications in cataract surgery
Unit-II: Retina
a. Retinal vascular anomalies
b. Diseases of the choroidal vasculature, Bruch’s membrane, and retina
pigment epithelium (RPE)
c. Retinal tumors and retinoblastoma
d. Other retinal disorders
1. Retinal inflammations
2. Metabolic diseases affecting the retina
3. Miscellaneous disorders
4. Electromagnetic radiation effects on the retina
e. Retinal physiology and psychophysics
Page 39

f. Hereditary macular disorders (including albinism)
g. Peripheral retinal degeneration
h. Retinal holes and detachments
i. Intraocular foreign bodies
j. Photocoagulation
Unit-III:
Lens
a. Anatomy and pathophysiology
1. Normal anatomy and aging process
2. Developmental defects
3. Acquired lenticular defects
b. Management of lenticular defects
Unit 4
Glaucoma
Applied anatomy and physiology of anterior segment
Clinical Examination
Definitions and classification of glaucoma
Pathogenesis of glaucomatous ocular damage
Congenital glaucoma
Primary open angle glaucoma
Ocular hypertension
Normal Tension Glaucoma
Primary angle closure glaucoma (Primary angle closure suspect,
Intermittent glaucoma, acute congestive, chronic angle closure)
Secondary Glaucoma
Management : common medications, laser intervention and surgical techniques
Page 40

Unit 5
Major Eye Diseases & Operative Procedure
Lecture Topics
1. Cataract
2. Glaucoma
3. Retinal detachment
4. Cornea ulcer & opacities
5. Visual loss – ophthalmic lesion
6. Diabetic Retinopathy
7. Macular degeneration
8. Chemical burns
Trauma
a. Anterior segment trauma
b. Posterior segment trauma
Blindness
a. Blindness definitions
1. Causes
2. Social implications
3. Rationale therapy
b. Drug induced ocular disease.
Text and reference books
a. Parsons Diseases of the eye,Ramanjit Sihota, Radhika Tondon. 20th
Ed. Elsevier. Pvt.Ltd.
b. Clinical Ophthalmology – JACK J.KANSKI, 2nd
Ed., 1989 Butterworths.
c. Modern Ophthlmology – L.C.Dutta 3rd
Ed., Jaypee published.
d. Ophthalmology for undergraduate strudents – M.L Agrawal, L.C. Gupta,
Sanjeev Agarval Jaypee published 1 st Ed.
e. Text book of ophthalmology – H.V. Nema 4t Ed., Jaypee published
f. Basic Ophthalogy – Renu Jogi Jaypee published
Page 41

PAPER – V - CONTACT LENSES II
Lecturer Topics
Unit-I
1. Soft contact lens – Law materials, classification, terminology, etc.
2. Manufacturing Soft Contact Lenses –various methods- advantages &
disadvantages
3. Various designs Soft Contact Lenses - advantages & disadvantages
4. Pre- Fitting examination – steps, significance, recording of result
5. Special points for in pre-fitting examination of Soft Contact Lenses
6. Discussion with patient choice of lens – type
7. Fitting Soft Contact Lenses general outline
8. Fitting Soft Contact Lenses – methods –Trial set method
9. Using trial lenses, calculations involved
Unit-II
1. Fitting Soft Contact Lenses methods first fit method
2. Methods of assessment of Soft Contact Lenses fit.
3. Types of fit – steep , Flat, Optimum – on spherical cornea
4. Types of fit – steep , Flat, Optimum – on Toric cornea with spherical lenses
5. Types of fit – steep , Flat, Optimum – on Toric cornea with toric lenses
6. Calculation and finalizing of Soft Contact Lenses parameters
7. Ordering Soft Contact Lenses – writing a prescription to the Laboratory
8. Fitting Soft Contact Lenses from stock – advantages, limitations, precautions
Unit-III
1. Checking and verifying Soft Contact Lenses
2. Components of Lens care systems for Soft Contact Lenses
3. Contact lens solutions – composition, necessity, advantages
4. Teaching the patient to insert and remove soft lenses
5. Common handling instruction to first time wearers
6. Special instructions to the patient for using soft lenses
7. Special soft lenses – cosmetics, Disposable , Toric
8. Special Rigid Lenses and designs – Toric, Keratoconus, etc.
Page 42

Unit-IV
1. Special considerations for fitting Contact Lenses, - Children, irregular
cornea, Univocal Aphakia, sports one eyes patients post RK, post PRK
2. Ortho – keratology and myopia
3. Fitting Bifocal and multifocal – RGP & Soft lenses
4. After care and follow up for all Contact Lens patients.
5. Patient Problems – identification, differential diagnosis and management
Text and reference books
a. Contact Lenses – Dr.V.K.Dada
b. Contact Lenses Practice – MONTAGUE RUBBEN
PAPER – VI - COMMUNITY OPTOMETRY
PUBLIC RELATIONS
Defining the Subject – Theory and Practice
1. Definitions
2. Public Relations – its distinction from publicity propaganda and advertising
3. The universe of Public Relations – internal and external aspects of PR.
4. Phases of P.R. – Analysis of the internal and external environment –
formulating and implementing PR policy feedback, research and
evaluation.
5. The benefits of PR – Image building, promotion of product or services,
better employee, government and community relations.
Methods of Public Relations
1. Press Relations: Writing and issuing a press release-press conference-facility
visit and open house-letters to the editor-assembling press activity.
2. The printed word: Style, colour, and design-knowledge, of topography and
layouts-direct mails, publicity material and house journal. Use of
photographs for publications and special events.
3. The spoken word: Public speaking-microphone techniques
4. Radio and other Audio media: communicating by cassettes- radio
interview, discussion and other programs.
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5. Film and television: Publicity and educational use of these media production
and distribution.
6. Research in P.R: Opinion and panel research – drawing up of a
Questionnaire – interpreting the results.
Public Relations in Action
a) The employee public: The working relationship-labour management
relations- Establishing effective leadership-high cost of breakdowns and
alienation-planned effort at P.R.
b) The customer public: Needs of customers-efficiency and effectiveness of
Customer service-feedback and suggestion system.
c) The government public: Knowledge has and interaction with the central
government-state government and municipal government.
d) The community public: Community opinion-community relations-open
house and volunteer activities
Specialised Public Relations
1. Public relations for welfare agencies
2. Public relations for health agencies
3. Public relations for hospitals
4. The perspective: rising demands-escalating costs-charitable heritage public
opinion consciousness-growing consumer movement
5. The P.R. program, employee relations – volunteer groups-medical staff,
patients sensitivity to the press and other media.
OCULAR HYGENE
HEALTH EDUCATION
EYE BANKING
Page 44

PAPER – VII - APPLIED & CLINICAL OPTOMETRY
PEDIATRIC OPTOMETRY
Lecturer Topics
1. History - Genetic factors, Prenantal factors, Perinatal factors, Postnatal
factors
2. Measurement of visual acuity
3. Normal appearance, pathology and structural anomalies of:
4. Orbit, Eyelids , Lacrimal system, Conjunctiva, Cornea, Sclera
5. Anterior chamber, uveal tract, pupils
6. Lens, vitreous, fundus
7. Oculomotor system
8. Measurement of the refractive system
9. Determining binocular status
10.Determining sensory motor adaptability
11.Compensatory treatment and remedial therapy for
12.Myopia, Pseudomyopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Anisometropia, Amblyopia.
13.Remedial and compensatory treatment for strabismus and nystagmus
14.Vergence and accommodation
15.Delayed development
Text and reference Books
a. Pediatric Optometry – JEROME ROSNER, Butterworth, London 1982.
b. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility – VON NOORDEN G.K.Burian Von
Noorden’s 2nd Ed. C.V.Mosby Co. St.Louis, 1980
c. Assessing children’s vision – Susan Leat - Butterworth Heinemann
d. Clinical Pediatric optometry – Leonard Press, Bruce Moore, Butterworth
Heinemann
e. Pediatric Neuro-ophthalmology – Robert Tomsak - Butterworth Heinemann
f. Vision Problems in childhood – Terry Buckingham, Butterworth Heinemann
Page 45

OCCUPATIONAL OPTOMETRY
Lecturer Topics
1. Introduction to occupational health, hygiene and safety International
Bodies like ILO. WHO, National bodies like Lab or institutes, National institute
of occupational health, National Safety Council etc.
2. Acts and Rules
Factories Act, and Rules
Workmen’s compensation
ESI Act, etc.
3. Occupational diseases/occupational related diseases caused by-physical
agents, chemical agents and biological agents
4. Occupational hygiene, environmental monitoring, Recognition,
evaluation, control of hazards.
Illumination – definition, measurements, standards.
5. Occupational safety.
Causes of accidents. Vision, Lighting, colour and their role.
Accident analysis. Accident prevention
6. Ocular and visual problems of occupation
Electromagnetic radiation
Ionising Non-ionising-infrared, Ultra violet , Microwave laser
Injuries-mechanical, chemical
Toxicology – metals, chemicals
7. Prevention of occupational diseases
Medical examinational / medical monitoring
Pre-employment / pre placement
Periodic
8. Personal protective equipment
General
Goggles, face shields etc.
Selection and use
Testing for standards
Page 46

9. Standards
Visual standards for jobs.
10.Problems of special occupational groups
Drivers, pilots and others
11.Field work – submission of reports
Visits to: Regional Labour Institute selected industries
12.Visual display units (terminals) VDU/VDT
Contact lens and work
Pesticides - general and visual and ocular defects
Text and reference books
a. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, ILO
Publication,1983,Vol. I & II.
b. IES Lighting Handbook (LH) 1984, IES Publication, NY 1985.
c. IES Lighting Education introductory lighting (LE) 1985, IES Publication
N.Y.1985
d. Guide to Occupational and other Visual needs – HOLMES C. JOLLIES H. &
GREGG J. 1958.
e. Occupational eye diseases and injuries – JOSEPH MINTON, William
Heineann Medical Book Ltd., 1949.
f. Environmental Vision – Donald Pits - Butterworth Heinemann
g. Work and the eye – Rachel North - Butterworth Heinemann
h. Ophthalmic research and epidemiology – Stanley Hatch - Butterworth
Heinemann
i. Professional communication in eye care – Carolyn Begley - Butterworth
Heinemann
j. Sports Vision – D.F.C. Loran, C.J.Mac Eween, Butterworth Heinemann
GERIATRIC OPTOMETRY
Lecturer Topics
1. Structural changes of the eye
2. Physiological changes of the eye
3. Optical and refractive changes of the eye
4. Aphakia, – its correction
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5. Ocular diseases common in the old eye, with special reference to
cataract, glaucoma Macular disorders, vascular diseases of the eye etc.
Text and reference books.
a. Vision of the Aging Patient – HIESCH M.J. & WICK R.E. (An Optometric
Symposium) 1960.
b. Vision and Aging – A.J.ROSSENBLOOM Jr. & M.W.MORGAN, Butterworth
Heinemann 1993.
c. Clinical Genatric Eye Care – Sheree Aston, Joseph Maino- Butterworth
Heinemann
d. Clinical Decision making in Optometry – Eilen Ettinger, Michael Rouse,
Butterworth Heinemann
PAPER – VIII - SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND THE EYE
Lecture Topics
2. ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
• Pathophysiology, classification, clinical examination, diagnosis,
complications and management.
• Hypertension and the eye
3. DIABETIS MELLITUS
• Pathology, classification,clinical features, diagnosis, complications and
management.
• Diabetes mellitus and the eye
4. ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE – EMBOLISM
• Rheumatic fever – pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis,
complications and management.
• Embolism
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
5. CANCER – INTRODUCTION
• Definitions, nomenclature, characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasm.
• Grading of staging of cancer, diagnosis principles of treatment.
• Neoplasia of the eye.
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6. CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE
• Anatomy and pathophysiology : Arthritis
• Eye and connective tissue disease.
7. THYROID DISEASE
• Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland, Classification of thyroid disease.
• Diagnosis, complications, clinical features, management, thyroid disease of the
eye
8. TUBERCULOSIS
• Eetiology, pathology,clinical feature, pulmonary tuberculosis, diagnosis,
complications, treatment, tuberculosis and the eye
9. HELIMTHIASIS
• Classification of helimenthic disease, schistosomiasis, principles of
diagnosis and management.
• Helimenthic disease and the eye (Taenia, echinococcus, larvae migrans)
10.COMMON TROPICALAILMENTS, (Malaria, leprosy, etc.)
• Introduction to tropical diseases : Malaria.
• Tropical diseases and the eye – leprosy, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, trachoma.
11. MALNUTRITION
• Etiology, protein energy malnutrition, water electrolytes,
minerals,vitamins, nutritional disorders and the eye.
12.INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY
Inroduction, components of the immune system, principle of immunity in
health.
• Immunology in disease, Immunology and the eye.
13. NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-STROKE/CVA
• Disseminated sclerosis and subacute combined degeneration
• Anatomy and patho-physiology
• Disseminated sclerosis, subacute combined degeneration
• Eye and connective tissue disease.
14.GENERAL, MEDICAL EMERGENCIES – FIRST AID
• Ocular and first aid
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15.GENETICS
• Introduction to genetics
• Organisation of the cell
• Chromosome structure and cell division
• Gene structure and basic principles of genetics
• Genetic disorders and their diagnosis
• Genes and the eye
• Genetic counselling and engineering
Text and reference books
a. Parson’s Diseases of the eye – Stephen J.H.Miller, 17th edition, Churchill
Livingstone.
b. Clinical Ophthalmology – Jack Kanski (JJK), 1st edition, Butterworths
c. Principles and practice of ophthalmology – Vol.1& 3 – Peyman, Sanders,
Goldberg Jaypee publishers 1st Ed.
d. System of ophthalmology Vo. XV- Sir Stewart Duke Elder 1976, Henry
Kimpton – London.
e. Modern Ophthalmology – Arnold Sorsby , systemic aspects – Vol 2. 2nd Ed.
1977 R.J. Acford Ltd.
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