Tiffany Huet Class of 2008 Justifying Violence: A ... - Stetson University

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and a standard for all [humans].” 85 Likewise, Bray and bin Laden feel that their ethic is absolutely universalizable and should be adhered to by everyone. While there are many similarities, there are several differences between the three. The first difference is obvious. The different religions give us not only a whole new vocabulary, but also a new set of doctrines and understandings about reality. Therefore, an understanding of Islamic fundamentalism requires an understanding of Islamic tradition and doctrine of war. Suicide attacks, or “martyrdom operations,” are not part of the Islamic tradition; there is actually no history of suicide at all in Islam. 86 Suicide attacks as a weapon were not an accepted tactic until the early 1980s as a “means to expel American and other foreign troops” from Islamic territory. 87 In the early ‘90s, Hamas and the Islamic Jihad utilized martyrdom operations against Israel in the West Bank and Gaza. At first, the trend started with Shi’ite groups attacking military targets, but the most recent attacks have been focused on civilians and carried out by Sunni groups. 88 There is no hope of military gain, however, in the eyes of the “martyr.” The purpose of the attack is to instill fear and weakness in the enemy or to cause the enemy to “suffer what the avenging side is suffering.” 89 Attachment to life is seen in Muslim literature as a characteristic of evildoers; therefore, the Muslim embraces death and the Muslim fighter should view it as an honorable goal to be reached. 90 The Islamic understanding of the martyr is significantly different than the Western, Christian, or Syriac understanding (sahedo). The Christian martyr is one who passively accepts 85 Rasmussen, 41. 86 Cook, David. “Suicide Attacks or “Martyrdom Operations” in Contemporary Jihad Literature.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. Vol. 6, Issue 1 (2002): 7, 8. 87 Cook, 8. 88 Cook, 8. 89 Cook, 9. 90 Cook, 11. 24
suffering and death in the face of militant opposition. However, it is rare that a Christian martyr seeks out his/her martyrdom in battle. The Arabic term, shahid, refers to a Muslim martyr who is “allowed and even encouraged to seek out circumstances” where death is an almost certain outcome. 91 The fundamentalists who adhere to this understanding of a shahid do not rely heavily on classic jihad literature, but on a context of Muslim inferiority. 92 David Cook notes that today’s radical Islamic leaders strongly repudiate any rule and/or control by a non-Muslim government and tend to exaggerate their losses. It is highly unlikely that Muslims suffer from greater oppression than any other ethnic, religious, or social group in the world, but this sentiment is probably reflective of “their collective historical consciousness of a necessity to be superior.” 93 This sentiment, combined with America’s occupation of oil in the Middle East, it’s protection of and assistance to Israel, and military presence in Somalia, Chechnya, Kashmir, and Lebanon provides Osama bin Laden with what he views as just cause to wage war on the oppressors of the Islamic community: America. 94 Michael Bray uses the Biblical text, “Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man his blood shall be shed” to justify his acts of arson and others’ acts of violence (Gen. 9:6). 95 Likewise, Islamic fundamentalists site similar texts from the Qur’an. Sulayman abu Ghayth, a spokesman for al- Qaeda, cites Qur’anic verses in order to demonstrate Islam’s divine right to attack those who have attacked them: 91 Cook, 12. 92 Cook, 8. 93 Cook, 14. 94 Bin Laden, Osama. “Letter to America.” The Observer Nov. 24, 2002 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver/): 1, 2. 95 Bray, 24. 25
Page 1 and 2: Tiffany Huet Class of 2008 Justifyi
Page 3 and 4: Introduction This paper is about th
Page 5 and 6: enowned instances of religious resi
Page 7 and 8: God’s command for us is the order
Page 9 and 10: and, therefore, that he must condem
Page 11 and 12: unborn. This, he says, completely o
Page 13 and 14: that there are certain offenses tha
Page 15 and 16: examples that are held as bases for
Page 17 and 18: Bray feels that, as an example, Jes
Page 19 and 20: therefore, must be meant figurative
Page 21 and 22: Bray also tends to contradict himse
Page 23: of eleven large U.S passenger airpl
Page 27 and 28: defend themselves and others throug
Page 29 and 30: Deceit is even encouraged in order
Page 31 and 32: These criticisms most likely evoked
Page 33 and 34: on the spectators. They are meant t
Page 35: Bibliography Bin Laden, Osama. “L

Tiffany Huet Class of 2008 Justifying Violence: A ... - Stetson University

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