Presentation

Methi Wecharatana
New Jersey Institute of Technology
1

Development that meets the needs of the
present generation without
compromising the needs of the future
generation
It contains two key concepts: Needs of
the world’s poor and the limitations of
natural resources and environment
imposed by the state of technology and
social organization
2

Economic Development
poverty eradication
Social Development
active participation of minority
education
good governance
Protection of Environment and Natural
Resources
prevent environmental degradation and
patterns of unsustainable development
3

Identified by former UN Secretary General
Kofi Annan:
Water and sanitation
Energy
Health
Agriculture
Biodiversity protection and ecosystem
management
4

Studies conducted by National Academy
of Sciences and Engineers, known as the
“American Climate Choices (ACC)”
July 2010
About greenhouse gas and carbon
emissions, National Research Council
(NRC) reports concluded that strong
evidence of climate change underscores
the need to limit emissions and adapt to
inevitable impacts.
5

A strong, credible body of scientific
evidence shows that
climate change is occurring,
is caused largely by human activities,
and
poses significant risks for a wide range
of human and natural systems
6

Meeting internationally discussed
targets for limiting atmospheric
greenhouse gas concentrations will
require major departure from business
as usual in how the world uses and
produces energy
7

Adaptation to climate change calls for a
new paradigm –one that considers a
variety of possible future climate
conditions, some well outside the realm
of past experience
“The 1:100 year storm event of yesterday
may now be a 1:20 year event.”
8

Sea level rise
Globally, the sea level is projected to rise 7 to
23 inches
Heat Waves
Absent the effective reductions in GHG
emissions, projected temperature rise by the
end of the this century ranges from a low of 4
to 7 o F to a high of 7 to 11 o F (These are
enormous increases!)
11

Increasingly Intense Precipitation
Warmer temperatures lead to more
evaporation, hence drought and lower water
levels in some area, whereas more intense
storms and flooding in other sectors.
Consequently, hydrological models and
computations of 100-year flood plain must be
revised to reflect tomorrow’s precipitation
intensities, affecting design and planning of
all existing and future critical infrastructures.
12

Increasingly intense hurricanes
Some evidence shows that rising
temperatures in the ocean, notably in
the Gulf of Mexico and in the Pacific,
fuel stronger hurricanes and cyclones
(not necessarily more frequent storms,
but deadlier storms with higher wind
speeds and heavier precipitation.
13

Arctic Warming
Global warming is most apparent at high
northern latitudes, that is, in the Arctic.
Temperatures in Alaska has already risen 3
to 5 o F, twice as much as in the main 48 states
Anticipated thawing of as much as 90 percent
of the permafrost will result in the
displacement of pavements, runways, rail
lines, pipelines, buildings, and bridges
14

Sea Level Rise
Build or enhance levees and dikes to resist
higher sea levels and storm surges
Elevate critical infrastructure
Abandon or relocate coastal highways, rail
lines, bridges, and communities
Provide good evacuation routes and
operational plans
Reduce development in at-risk coastal
regions
15

Heat Waves
Support research on new, more heat-resistant
materials for paving and bridge decks
Replace and/or reconstruct highway and
bridge expansion joints
Increase the length of airport runways to
compensate for lower air densities
Revisit standards for construction workers
exposed to high temperatures
16

Increased Storm Intensity
Revise hydrologic storm and flood frequency
maps
Develop new design standards for hydraulic
structures
Reinforce at-risk structures, particularly to
protect against scouring of bridge piers
Encourage better land-use planning for flood
plains
17

Stronger Hurricanes and Cyclones
Move critical infrastructure inland
Reinforce and/or build more robust,
resilient structures
Design for greater storm surges
Strengthen and elevate port facilities
18

Arctic Warming
Identify areas and infrastructure that
will be damaged by thawing
permafrost
Develop new approaches to foundation
design
Reinforce, protect, or move seaside
villages
19

Measures to reduce GHG emissions could
include:
underground carbon sequestration,
increased biomass uptake, and
geo-engineering to limit amount of incoming solar
radiation.
Legislative actions to encourage mitigation
measures could include:
carbon taxes;
cap and trade markets; and
new CAFÉ (corporate average fuel economy)
standards for vehicles
20

Petroleum 37%
Natural Gas 24%
Coal 23%
Nuclear 9%
Renewable 7%
22

The U.S. Electric Power sector
generates 2.4 billion metric tons of
carbon emissions
This equals to 40% of all CO 2
emissions in the U.S.
23

Updated August 2009
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, 24LLC

U.S. Renewable Resources
Resource Solar
PV/CSP)
Theoreti
cal
Potential
206,000
GW (PV)
11,100G
W (CSP)
Wind Geotherma
l
8,000
GW
(onshore
)
2,200
GW
(offshore
to 50
nm)
39 GW
(conventio
nal) 520
GW (EGS)
4 GW
(coproduced)
Water
Power
Biopower
140 GW 78 GW
25

Including Transmission Lines
Resource Solar
PV/CSP)
Theoreti
cal
Potential
206,000
GW (PV)
11,100G
W (CSP)
Wind Geotherma
l
8,000
GW
(onshore
)
2,200
GW
(offshore
to 50
nm)
39 GW
(conventio
nal) 520
GW (EGS)
4 GW
(coproduced)
Water
Power
Biopower
140 GW 78 GW
26

U.S. Concentrating Solar Resource
28

U.S. Wind Resource
29

U.S. Biomass Resource
30

In the carbon-energy realm, it is possible
to burn natural gas and produce only
half the CO 2 generated by burning coal,
and two-thirds the CO 2 produced by
burning oil
Burning biomass also generates CO 2 but
not as much as fossil fuels do
Good, but not good enough to limit GHG
to 450 ppm
31

Sunlight showers the planet with
more energy in one hour than the
world’s population consumes in an
entire year
The potential that awaits the right
technology is staggering
32

Between 1990 and 2000, wind energy
output in the U.S. doubled, increasing
from 2.8 billion kWh to 5.6 billion kWh
Just 8 years later, in 2008, output had
grown nearly tenfold to 52 billion kWh
On a typical day, that’s enough electricity
to power more than 10 million homes
42

Wind energy from the Great Plains and
Solar energy from the Southwest could
provide energy to the whole U.S.
As much as 300,000 megawatts of green
power (an equivalent of 300 coal-fire
power plants) are being stalled due to
lack of high-voltage transmission lines
There is a need for a “green power
superhighway system”
43

Hydro sources in 2008 churned out about 248
billion kWh
There are more than 5,500 sites that could
increase output by approximately 40 percent
U.S. geothermal power plants produced almost
15 billion kWh
These numbers are small fraction of the total
U.S. Electricity Generation in 2008, which totaled
to more than 4 trillion kWh, and most of which
are from the coal-fired power plants
44

Advanced PC (Pulverized Coal) and SPCC
(Supercritical Pulverized Clean Coal)
Technology
NGCC (Natural Gas Combined Cycle)
Technology
IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle) Technology
Lowest Sulfur emissions from a coal plant
Lowest NO X permitted plant using bituminous coals
Specific carbon emissions to the atmosphere
(kg C/net kWh) of IGCC+S are only about 1/5 of
NGCC
45

33% less NO x
75% less SO x
40% less PM 10 (10-micron
particulate matter)
30% less water
Superior Hg removal
CO 2 capture ready
46

Coal is gasified to produce synthetic gas (syngas)
Pollutants are removed from the syngas, then
electricity is generated using a combined cycle,
consisting of the following three steps:
A gas turbine-generator burns the syngas
Heat from the gasification and the exhaust heat from
the gas turbine are used to create steam
The steam is used to power a steam turbine-generator
Carbon dioxide sequestration is applicable
47

CCS technologies allow emissions of carbon
dioxide to be captured (by compression) and
stored, preventing them from entering
atmosphere.
The cost of current CCS to capture and store
CO 2 emitted from a new coal-fired power plant
can add 30-40% to the capital cost, and
approximately 60-80% to the operating costs of
the plant.
About 2/3 of these increased costs are
attributed to the CO 2 capture system
48

If the climate legislation is implemented,
U.S. electric power companies would
have to pay about $20 for each ton of
carbon dioxide their plants produce
A coal-burning power plant fitted with
CCS technologies would face recurring
costs of about $125 per ton of CO 2 it
buried underground
49

Huaneng Group, China’s largest power
producer, is taking the lead
Its Beijing Cogeneration Power Plant
shows a CCS system for collecting and
compressing CO 2 from variety of waste
gases
The CO 2 is then sold to a bottler that uses it
to carbonate soft drinks
50

Duke Energy has acquired a CCS technology
licensing from China Huaneng group, which
has the largest CCS operation at its power plant
in Shanghai
Peabody Energy, U.S. largest coal producer,
bought a 6% stake in GreenGen, a $1 billion
coal-fired power plant in Tianjing with CCS
technology
51

“China can become the world’s leading clean-coal
provider”, said Peabody CEO Gregory H. Boyce
It has R&D Center for carbon management
technologies
Recently, China has deployed an advanced
process called TRIG (Transport Integrated
Gasification), which is especially good at
neutralizing low-grade, CO 2-laden coal
52

The world wastes a startling 57% of its energy
Coal plants lose about 65% of their energy at
generation
Throwing away one aluminum can wastes as
much energy as if that can was ½ full of gasoline,
and Americans throw away enough aluminum
cans to rebuild the nation’s commercial air fleet
every three months
53

When electronic gadgets are not on, “vampire
electricity” runs through plugs, annually
wasting 0.25% if the nation’s energy –a small
figure that translates into $4 billion in energy
Heating, lighting and air conditioning account
for up to 70 percent of energy usage in most
commercial buildings
Building consumes about 40% of the world’s
energy
Weatherizing alone could cut energy use in
buildings by as much as 30 percent
54

Fuel (Quadrillion Btu)
Coal 20.66 Fossil
Fuels
Natural Gas 7.07
Petroleum 0.69
Other Gases 0.18
Nuclear
Electric Power
Renewable
Energy
8.21
4.28
Other 0.18
28.6
Total Fuel 41.27
Electricity (Quadrillion Btu)
Conversion Losses 26.71
Gross Generation of
Electricity
**Retail Sales 12.51
(Only 30% of total
fuel used)
14.56
55

Gross
Generation
of electricity
14.56
Plant Use
0.73
Net
Generation
of Electricity
13.83
Transmission & Distribution
Losses 1.31
Retail Sales
12.51
Residential
4.62
Commercial
4.44
Industrial
3.42
56

U.S. Energy demands will triple by 2050
What will provide adequate energy yet reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, and do it quickly?
The answer might lie in the atom -Nuclear
Energy
Nuclear provides clean, constant, scalable
electricity with minimum carbon emissions
57

A small amount of nuclear fuel releases
enormous energy
One pound of uranium 235 has more than
two-million times the energy content of a
pound of coal
France gets 80% of its electricity from
nuclear power plants
58

One gigawatt of nuclear energy for a year
generates 20 tons of waste –that’s two dry-cask
storage containers – and no carbon dioxide
One gigawatt of energy from coal for a year
uses 2.9 million tons of coal and produces eight
million tons of carbon dioxide, plus no end of
slurry, fly ash and atmospheric mercury, plus
sulfur dioxide from unscrubbed plants
59

Small modular reactors can be manufactured
in a central factory, under control conditions,
resulting in identical devices that –because
they are duplicates –facilitate maintenance
Utilities could simply yank small reactors like
batteries and plug in new ones
Small modular reactors do not take much
time to build versus old large reactors
Small reactors would also be less expensive
60

Each time we click on a Web site to send an email
or do a search, the request ends up at one
of the world’s 10,000 data centers that store,
transfer and complete the Web’s transactions.
Each click requires a small amount of
electricity, and it adds up quickly
Data centers uses 1.5% of U.S. electricity, and
are responsible for releasing 70 billion tons of
carbon dioxide annually
61

With power bills total to millions of dollars a
year, electricity is the largest expense for the
typical data center, making it an attractive
target for aggressive cost-cutting
The Green Grid, a consortium of most
computer- and web-related companies, i.e.
AMD, Dell, Intel, IBM, HP, Microsoft, Oracle,
etc., develops tools to quantify and compare
power use for data centers and publish a
design guide that details the industry’s best
practices
62

Some data centers today run at only 30 percent
efficiency while properly designed and
operated facilities can have an efficiency of
about 82 percent
This not only cuts the expenses, but it keeps
hundreds of thousands of tons of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere.
How efficient is your IT facilities and data
centers?
63

Annual Carbon emissions of three leading
computer firms:
Apple (10.2 million tons)
HP (8.4 million tons)
Dell (471,000 tons
Note that both HP and Dell are larger than Apple
Apple is shipping million of power-hungry
products with toxic chemicals in them
Key sources: polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs) and
bromide flame retardants (BFRs) in Apple’s
devices
64

A state-of-the-art energy storage system coupled
with the GE’s Smart Grid technologies
A partnership project launched in September 2010 in
Bella Coola, a remote town in Canada, which
depends on the use of diesel generators for power
generation
The town used 200,000 liters of diesel and generated
600 tons of GHG annually
This is a partnership project between BC Hydro, GE
and Powertech, and is supported by Province of
B.C. and Sustainable Development Technology
Canada
66

Use of high-performance, high-volume fly
ash concrete as sustainable products for
cement and concrete industry
The concrete mixtures contain more than
50% by weight of fly ash, a by-product
from the coal-fired power utilities which is
sometimes considered as waste
68

The incorporation of high volume fly ash
in concrete
reduces water demand,
improves workability,
minimizes cracking due to thermal and
drying shrinkage, and
enhances durability to reinforcement
corrosion, sulfate attack, and alkali-silica
expansion
69

• Annually, in the U.S. there are more than 50
million tons of unused fly ash, causing enormous
disposal cost and environmental problems
• The unused fly ashes in landfills are subjected to
weathering, and leachate sometimes leads to
groundwater contamination
• In Thailand, there are more than 30 million tons of
weathered fly ash at Mae Moh alone
• Beneficial utilization of these industrial byproducts
would help sustain both the utility and
the cement industry
70

FHWA, EPA, ACI, and AASHTO have
been promoting the use of recycled
concrete aggregates in new concrete
construction
Each year, many existing structures, such
as buildings, bridges, and highways were
demolished to make way for new
structures
71

FHWA and many State DOTs are investing on
research and development of standards and
design guidelines for the use of recycled
concrete and recycled asphalt aggregates for
highway pavements and structures
These concrete and asphalt materials can be
effectively reused, saving a lot of virgin
materials and eliminate many environmental
problems
72

Use of Recycled Materials in U.S. Highways
Byproduct
Materials
Produced
Blast Furnace
Slag
Production(million
metric tons)
Recycled in Highway
Applications (million metric
tons)
14 12.6 Concrete
Applications
Coal Bottom Ash 14.5 4.4 Asphalt, Base
Coal Fly Ash 53.5 14.6
Foundry Sands 9 to 13.6 ?
Cement Production,
Structural Fill
Flowable Fill,
Asphalt
Cement Kiln Dust 12.9 8.3 Stabilizer
Bottom Ash 8 Small Amounts Asphalt, Base
Nonferrous Slags 8.1 ? Base, Asphalt
Steel Slags ? 7.5
Recycled Asphalt
Pavement
Reclaimed
Concrete
Base, Asphalt,
Concrete
41 33 Asphalt, Base
? ? Base, Concrete
83

Establish
a Research Center
for
Beneficial Utilization of
Industrial Byproducts
84

Sustainable Development (SD) and
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are
basic principles towards the balance of living
and nature
Keeping in mind that it is not only for us but,
more importantly, for the next generation
It has a lot to do with Research and
Development, a different way of living and
doing business for a better quality of life
85