Afghanistan. - Forced Migration Online

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Convention on the Political Rights of Women
International Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Racial; Discrimination
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
On the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
Afghanistan is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol
Websites
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Foreign Commonwealth Office, UK
2.2.6 Reconstruction and Development
Twenty three years of war has left Afghanistan one of the poorest countries in the world, with
an economy based largely on the trade of drugs and guns, and an almost complete breakdown
in systems. The reconstruction effort requires not only the rebuilding of the country’s
infrastructure but also the rebuilding of its institutions, including the military, police and the
judiciary. Years of conflict and shifting front lines have left the country riddled with land
mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) that must be removed before arable land can be
returned to productive use. The task is enormous and requires a sustained effort on behalf of
the international community.
At the end of January 2002, a donors’ conference was held in Tokyo resulting in pledges of
more than USD 4.5 billion. Such pledges were made by the following countries: United States
(USD 297 million for 2007); Japan (up to USD 500 million over 3 years); the United
Kingdom (USD 288 million over 5 years); the European Commission (USD 500 million for
the current year); Germany (USD 362 million over 4 years); the World Bank and Asian
Development Bank (USD 500 million each over the next 2.5 years); and Saudi Arabia (USD
220 million over 3 years).
In March 2004, Berlin hosted the Afghanistan Conference which produced the Berlin
Declaration – outlining the way ahead. In December 2005 the Conference on Regional
Economic Cooperation was also held in Kabul which focused participants on issues of trade,
investment and regional cooperation.
In January 2006, at the London Conference on Afghanistan, the international community
pledged approximately 10.5 billion USD towards reconstruction and development initiatives
over the following five years. In early 2007, USD 11.6 billion were committed from the US
focus on building the legal economy and alternative livelihoods, health care, education,
sanitation, building administrative capacity, roads, energy and telecoms.
The Bonn Accord places emphasis on the role of the Afghan government and its institutions
to take the lead in the country’s reconstruction and development. Progress towards the reestablishment
of state institutions however has been patchy and slow. Since 2001, the focus of
aid and assistance has been on Kabul ministries, while less assistance has been directed at the
strengthening of local government structures in the provinces. The need to redress this
imbalance has become clear during 2006 and 2007, as security has declined in some of the
regions and where the development has hampered due to lack of systems and functioning
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