Opera In The Know - Florentine Opera

Italian Romantic Opera
Italian operas in the earliest years of the Romantic Period fell under the label of bel canto. The bel
canto composers paved the way for the most prolific Italian opera composer, Giuseppe Verdi.
Verdi broke down the walls between recitative and arias and tried to achieve a continuity that added
to the drama of the piece. In the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, there
was a strong trend toward realism in opera. This was called verismo. The plot of a verismo opera
generally centered on common people dealing with familiar situations. These operas usually had
true-to-life themes of love and loss, making them more realistic to the audience. An example of a
verismo opera is Puccini’s La Bohème.
German Romantic Opera
German opera during this time can be broken down into two categories: German Romantic Opera
and Richard Wagner’s music dramas. German Romantic Operas were quite similar to Italian opera
but differed in plot material. They drew more upon supernatural and medieval tales (rather than the
verismo topics the Italians chose) and also employed more folk tunes. In the second half of the
nineteenth century Wagner created the concept of Gesammkunstwerk [guh-zahm-koontz-vairk],
which means, “total artwork.” He believed that opera should be a fusion of stagecraft, visual arts,
literature, and music. He did almost everything related to production himself: composed the music,
wrote the libretto, and designed the costumes and scenery. In Wagner’s dramas there were almost
no distinctions between arias and recitative; instead of showcasing the voice, he treated it like any
other instrument. He also increased the size of the orchestra and even developed a new instrument
he called the Wagner Tuba, which had a rich, mellow tone. Only very large voices can be heard
over his expanded orchestra.
French Romantic Opera
French opera was typically visually spectacular, and usually included a ballet somewhere in the
second or third act. In the Romantic Period, three types of French opera were prominent:
- Opera comique – usually comical, used spoken dialogue instead of recitative.
- Grand opéra – popular in the second part of the nineteenth century when composer Giacomo
Meyerbeer came onto the scene. Grand opera was built around grandiose plots and used a large
chorus and elaborate sets.
- Drama lyrique – a combination of opera comique and grand opera.
Modern American Opera (1900-present)
Despite the dominance of Italian, French, and German opera within today’s popular repertoire, not
all opera comes from the other side of the globe. American composers have been writing operas
based on familiar themes for over a century. In the earliest years of American history, English
settlers brought with them the Ballad Opera – a short, comic play with musical numbers
interspersed throughout. These songs were basically original text set to popular tunes. During the
eighteenth century, many traveling companies were performing these ballad operas all over the
United States. Standard European operas by composers like Mozart and Rossini were also gaining
popularity in New Orleans, Philadelphia, and New York. These productions were shortened
versions of the originals, however, and were almost always performed in English.