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VIRUS AND INTERFERON: A FIGHT FOR S
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Abstract The Interferon (IFN) famil
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3. Permission for electronic public
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Abbreviations ADAR1 Adenosine deami
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PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
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1.2.2 Classification of paramyxovir
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2.5.1 RNA extraction……………
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1.1 The Interferon system The inter
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structural homologies: they both co
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1.1.2 Mechanisms of IFN signalling
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promoters, whilst others have both
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actively regulates diverse cellular
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2007)]. Mx1 gene expression is norm
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(Hsiang, Zhao, and Krug, 2009; Lai
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1.1.4 Virus encoded IFN antagonists
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1.1.5 Virus shut-off of host protei
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sector. The aetiological agent is N
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1.2.3 Virion structure The virions
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of P and V proteins are unique. 23
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species. The expression of P/V/C pr
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al., 1992; Riedl et al., 2002). M p
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forming the postfusion hairpin conf
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antigenically distinct HA subtypes
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asic amino acids sequence R-X-R/K-R
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egins with PB1 binding to the 5’
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stage of replication, full-length p
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into infectious virion. Finally, co
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with a number of host proteins invo
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infection, NS1 is found not only in
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1.3.4.3 NS1 and host immune respons
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The precise mechanism for how NS1 i
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CPSF30 and PABPII, some IFN-β pre-
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2008; Shin et al., 2007). Recently,
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2.1 Mammalian cells and tissue cult
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supplemented with Roferon recombina
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10. rUd-103/106B: The NS1 protein c
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Confluent monolayers of cells were
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2.3 DNA subcloning 2.3.1 cDNA synth
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appropriate time and temperature fo
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2.4.3 Immunofluorescence For immuno
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2.4.4 Preparation of radio-labelled
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emove unincorporated DIG nucleotide
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2.6 Miscellaneous assays 2.6.1 Lent
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Antibodies Antibodies were used in
Page 89 and 90:
2.8 Primers PRIMERS DESCRIPTION SEQ
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2.9 Plasmids PLASMIDS pMD-VSVG pCMV
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A549 cells is that, IFN released fr
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3.1.3 Study of the mechanism of hos
Page 97 and 98:
3.1.4 PIV5 can dismantle the IFN-in
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the majority of cells remained nega
Page 101 and 102: 3.1.6 Influenza virus and the IFN-i
Page 103 and 104: these events occur only at the begi
Page 105 and 106: were detecting only the incoming vR
Page 107 and 108: naïve A549 cells and MxA-knockdown
Page 109 and 110: 3.2.6 Effects of introducing MxA ba
Page 111 and 112: expression. However, over-expressio
Page 113 and 114: expression of MxA alone is insuffic
Page 115 and 116: numbers both around 100-fold, sugge
Page 117 and 118: 3.3.4 IFNγ does not have a signifi
Page 119 and 120: 4.2 Comparison of the mechanisms of
Page 121 and 122: 4.3 Influenza A virus shut-off of h
Page 123 and 124: 4.5 MxA recognition of NP protein E
Page 125 and 126: ability of IFN to block the nuclear
Page 127 and 128: Akira, S., Uematsu, S., and Takeuch
Page 129 and 130: Bonjardim, C. A. (2005). Interferon
Page 131 and 132: Cuddihy, A. R., Li, S., Tam, N. W.,
Page 133 and 134: Falvo, J. V., Thanos, D., and Mania
Page 135 and 136: Greenspan, D., Palese, P., and Krys
Page 137 and 138: Hirano, A., Wang, A. H., Gombart, A
Page 139 and 140: Jiang, D., Guo, H., Xu, C., Chang,
Page 141 and 142: Landis, H., Simon-Jodicke, A., Klot
Page 143 and 144: Martin, J., Wharton, S. A., Lin, Y.
Page 145 and 146: Neumann, G., Hughes, M. T., and Kaw
Page 147 and 148: (NAT) 2 acetylator status and age o
Page 149 and 150: Rodriguez, A., Perez-Gonzalez, A.,
Page 151: Staeheli, P., Pitossi, F., and Pavl
Page 155 and 156: Wong, A. H., Tam, N. W., Yang, Y. L
Page 157 and 158: A.1 Plasmid map of the pLKO.1 with
Page 159 and 160: A.2 Plasmid map of the pdlNotI’IR
Page 161 and 162: Virus Mutation Comments rUd-NS1-R38
Page 163 and 164: Fig. 1.2. Schematic representation
Page 169 and 170: (A) (B) Fig. 1.8. Replication and t
Page 171 and 172: (A) (B) Hours p.i. Mock PIV5 12 18
Page 173 and 174: Mock 103/106 rUd-184-8(L) rUd-184-8
Page 175 and 176: -antibody +antibody (A) (B) 16h (C)
Page 177 and 178: (A) 24h 48h -IFN +IFN (B) NS1 MxA M
Page 179 and 180: (A) 50 Percentage of cells positive
Page 181 and 182: (A) -IFN +IFN vRNA Merge vRNA Merge
Page 183 and 184: -IFN +IFN NP Merge NP Merge Mock A5
Page 185 and 186: Mock A549 A549-MxA -IFN +IFN Fig.3.
Page 187 and 188: (A) NP MxA Merge -IFN Mock +IFN (B)
Page 189 and 190: (A) A549 A549-MxA shMxA -7 -7 -7 -I
Page 191 and 192: (A) Hep2 Hep2/Npro Hep2/shISG56 (B)
Page 193: Fig. 3.22. IFNγ does not have an o
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