the translocation of minerals in trees - Canadian Forest Service

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS It appears that either xylem or phloem may transport upwards the elements required, but that phloem may be more important for mineral translocation in trees. This seemed evident in the localization of calcium45 in the phloem sieve cells of white pine. The unusual distribution of calcium in pole-blighted western white pine along with a very high phosphorus content parallels the experiments where radioactive iron ,vas deposited in the roots or leaf veins and was unavailable to the leaf mesophyll when nutrient conditions had a high pH and an abundance of phosphorus. The important influence of the soil solution pH on the uptake and final distribution of iron thus indicates the effect of the environment on the translocation of minerals within a plant. The use of the radioisotope has greatly facilitated the study of mineral movement in trees and led to the development of a new portable scintillation counter especially suited for tree studies. The linear flow of minerals in white pine, yellow birch and bur oak was in contrast to the diffuse movement in northern pin oak. Minerals moved between trees through natural root grafts. The failure of isotopes to move in trees with oak wilt led to the di covery that xylem vessels in the aerial parts were plugged with tyloses and gum. The availability for tree growth of minerals in the soil and their subsequent uninterrupted translocation to all parts of the growing tree are essential for maximum size. Information on the variability of species as to their ability to utilize minerals, both at different times of the year and to different extents, should assist in assessing optimum silvicultural methods for various sites and species. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Dr. Erika Gaertner for assistance in monitoring radioactive trees. Dr. C. A. Mawson and N. Vincent, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River, Ontario, provided invaluable assistance in the preparation of the isotopes and au toradiographs. Colleagues at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station provided constructive criticism in the preparation of the manuscript. Photograph for Figure 1 was taken by Dr. Gaertner; those for Figures 2, 3 and 4 with the assistance of D. C. Anderson, Forest Biology Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontal:io. 14
REFERENCES BELANGER, H. F. and C. P. LEBLOND. 1946. A method for locating radioactive elements by covering histological sections with a photographic emulsion. Endocrinology, 39:8-13. BIDDULPH, O. 1951. The translocation of minerals in plants. In Mineral nutrition of plants, Ed. E. Truog. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, 261-275. BIDDULPH, O. 1953. Translocation of minerals in plants. In Use of isotopes in plant and animal research. Kansas Agric. Expt. Sta. Rept. 4:48-51 BIDDULPH, 0., and J. MARKLE. 1944. Translocation of radiophosphorus in the phloem of cotton. Amer. J. Bot. 31 :65-70. BUSGEN, M., and E. MUNCH. 1929. The structure and life of forest trees. Eng. Trans!. by T. Thomson. Chapman and Hall, Ltd. London. CURTIS, O. F. 1925. Studies on the tissues concerned in the transfer of solutes in plants. The effect on the upward transfer of solutes of cutting the xylem as compared with that of cutting the phloem. Ann. Bot., Lond. 39:573-585. CURTIS, O. F., and D. G. CLARK. 1950. An introduction to plant physiology. McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y. DELEANO, N. T., and M. 1. ANDREESCU. 1932. Beitriige zum Studium der Rolle und Wirkungsweise der Mineral-und organischen Stoffe in Pflanzenleben. 1. Der Quantitative StotTwechsel der Mineral-und organischen Substanzen in den Salix fragilis-Blattern wahrend ihrer Entwicklung. Beitr. BioI. Pflanz. 19:249-286. EpS'fEIN, E., and S. B. HENDRICKS. 1955. Uptake and transport of mineral nutrients in plant roots. A/Conf. 8/p 112, Geneva. FARRAR, J. L. 1953. Distribution of radiophosphorus in red pine seedlings. Canada, Dept. Resources and Development, Forestry Branch, Silv. Leaf!. No. 78. FERREL, W. K., and E. E. HUBERT. 1952. The use of radioisotopes in forest tree research. Idaho Forester, 34:42-45., FRASER, D. A. 1950. Movement of radioactive calcium in white pine and yellow birch. Ann. Tech. Report, Forest Insect Lab., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. (Unpublished.) FRASER, D. A., and C. A. MAWSON. 1953. Movement of radioactive isotopes in yellow birch and white pine as detected with a portable scintillation counter. Canad. J. Bot. 31 :324- 333. KRAMER, P. J. and H. H. WIEBE. 1954. Mineral absorption through various regions of roots. 8th Int. Bot. Congo Paris. Sec. 11 :82-83. KUNTZ, J. E., and A. J. RIKER. 1955. The use of radioactive isotopes to ascertain the role of root grafting in the translocation of water, nutrients and disease-inducing organisms among forest trees. A/Con£' 8/P /105. Geneva. MASON, T. G., E. J. MASKELL, and E. PHILLIS. 1936. Further studies in the cotton plant. III-Concerning the independence of solutes movement in the phloem. Ann. Bot., Lond. 50:23-58. MORELAND, D. E. 1950. A study of the translocation of radioactive phosphorus in loblolly pine (Pinu8 taeda L.). Jour. Eliha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 66:175-181. MUENSCHER, W. C. 1922. The effect of transpiration on the . absorption of salts by plants. Amer. J. Bot. 9:311-329. RAMANN, E. 1912. Mineralstoffgehalt von Baumblattern zur Tages und zur Nachtweit. Jahr. f. Wiss. Bot. 50:84-91. RAMANN, E., and H. BAUER. 1921. Trochensubstanz Stickstoff und Mineralstoffe von Baumarten wahrend einer Vegetationsperiode. Jahr. f. Wiss. Bot. 50:67-83. REDISKE, J. H. 1950. The translocation of radioiron in the bean plant. Thesis, State College of Washington. 15
Page 1 and 2: CANADA Department of Northern Affai
Page 3: CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION. . . . .
Page 6 and 7: on the fact that the living cell is
Page 8 and 9: solutions and determining the miner
Page 10 and 11: FIGURE 1. Monitoring movement of ru
Page 12 and 13: FIGURE 2. Autoradiograph of longitu
Page 16: STEDIBACH, H. B. 1951. Permeability

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