Going Digital: The 1960s - IEEE Global History Network

76 Chapter 4 Going Digital: The 1960s
on the moon and sent back high..quality photographs of the Ocean of
Storms; and later in 1966 the u.S. Lunar Orbiter 1 attracted even greater
attention with photographs of the far side of the moon and of the earth
from beyond the moon. In 1969 the public marveled at live television of
the first steps onto the moon and at detailed pictures telemetered from
Mars. 57 These and other ventures into space posed great challenges for
image coding, transmission, and reconstruction. Among the early advances
in image coding was the block transform method introduced in 1969 by
Grant Anderson and Thomas S. Huang,58 and not long afterwards came the
use of the discrete cosine transform for image coding.59
In the United States, color television finally caught on, and beginning
in 1964 television sets had to have all..channel tuners, that is, for UHF as
well as VHF, which gave a great boost to UHF broadcasters. 6o The 1960s
saw the beginning, in Japan, of research on high..definition, wide..screen
television. 61 Other developments related to image processing were the
adoption in 1968 by the International Telecommunications Union of a
standard for facsimile apparatus and transmission. 62 At Bell Labs, Leon Har..
mon studied how much visual information is required for recognition of
faces; his quantized portrait of Abraham Lincoln (with only 756 bits of in..
formation) became a popular image (Figure 6).63
57Better encoding and a higher bit rate (16,000 bits per second rather than 8 bits per second)
made the pictures sent by Mariner 6 and 7 in 1969 much more detailed than the pictures
sent by Mariner 4 in 1965 [Britannica Yearbook of Science 1971 op. cit., p. 165].
58Grant Anderson and Thomas S. Huang, "Picture bandwidth compression by piecewise
Fourier transformation" (IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 19 (1971), pp.
133-140); an earlier version of this paper appeared in the proceedings of the Purdue Univer,
sity Centennial Symposium on Systems and Information Sciences, held 28-30 April 1969.
An important early paper on block quantization in general is J.J .Y. Huang and Peter M.
Schultheiss, "Block quantization of correlated Gaussian random variables" (IEEE Transac-­
tions on Communications Systems, vol. 11 (1963), pp. 289-296).
5~asir Ahmed, T. Natarajan, and K.R. Rao, "Discrete cosine transform" (IEEE Transactions
on Computers, vol. 23 (1974), pp. 90-93).
60The U.S. Consumer Electronics Industry in Review: 94 Edition (Washington, DC: Electronic
Industries Association, 1994), p. 19.
61Simon Haykin, An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications (New York: John
Wiley, 1989), p. 320.
62Henry Petroski, Invention by Design: How Engineers Get from Thought to Thing (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 113.
63Lucky op. cit., pp. 345-346. Another Bell Labs researcher, Manfred Schroeder, won first
prize at the 1969 Las Vegas Computer Art Competition with a computer,generated image of
a human eye composed of a 65,000,letter text (illustrating, one might say, the proverb that
one picture is worth a thousand words).