Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species ...
Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species ...
Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species ...
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Journal of Insect Science | www.<strong>in</strong>sectscience.org ISSN: 1536-2442<br />
plants <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g vegetables, ornamentals, trees,<br />
and ground cover weed species between February<br />
and December <strong>in</strong> <strong>Florida</strong> from 1986 to 1990.<br />
Frankl<strong>in</strong>iella cephalica (Crawford)<br />
A s<strong>in</strong>gle female was collected from a fruit sample<br />
<strong>in</strong> Trask <strong>in</strong> October compared with 4,310<br />
specimens collected from ground cover plants<br />
(Tables 2, 3, and 6). This species was the third<br />
most abundant species found <strong>in</strong> association with<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> <strong>citrus</strong> <strong>orchards</strong> (Table 3). Frantz and<br />
Mell<strong>in</strong>ger (1990) recorded F. cephalica on Bidens<br />
pilosa, tomato, and mangrove from March<br />
through June between 1986 and 1990 <strong>in</strong> <strong>Florida</strong>.<br />
It is not a pest on <strong>Florida</strong> <strong>citrus</strong> and is clearly<br />
more of a ground cover <strong>in</strong>habitant associated with<br />
B. alba (Childers et al. 1990; Childers and<br />
Beshear 1992; Childers et al. 1994).<br />
Frankl<strong>in</strong>iella fusca (H<strong>in</strong>ds)<br />
This species was collected only from ground cover<br />
plants <strong>in</strong> Hart I. A s<strong>in</strong>gle larva was collected from<br />
Youngia japonica on May 15, 1995 and one female<br />
from Spermolepsis divaricata on April 19, 1995 <strong>in</strong><br />
Hart I. Frantz and Mell<strong>in</strong>ger (1990) collected F.<br />
fusca adults on B. pilosa, Chrysanthemum, Lippia<br />
sp., cucumber, lettuce, grasses, parsley, peanut,<br />
pepper, tomato, and hyac<strong>in</strong>th <strong>in</strong> <strong>Florida</strong> between<br />
1986 and 1990.<br />
Frankl<strong>in</strong>iella gossypiana (Hood)<br />
207 adults and associated larvae of this species<br />
were collected <strong>in</strong> 5 of the orchard sites but only on<br />
ground cover plants dur<strong>in</strong>g January through April<br />
and July through November (Table 3).<br />
Frankl<strong>in</strong>iella sp. (runneri group)<br />
A s<strong>in</strong>gle male was collected on a ‘Haml<strong>in</strong>’ orange<br />
fruit on April 17, 1995 <strong>in</strong> Trask (Table 3).<br />
Frankl<strong>in</strong>iella spp<br />
16 larvae were collected from <strong>citrus</strong> leaf and fruit<br />
samples compared with 457 larvae from v<strong>in</strong>e or<br />
ground cover plants (Tables 2, 3).<br />
Haplo<strong>thrips</strong> gowdeyi (Frankl<strong>in</strong>)<br />
5022 H. gowdeyi were collected dur<strong>in</strong>g this<br />
survey. There were 19 adults and larvae collected<br />
from <strong>with<strong>in</strong></strong> <strong>citrus</strong> tree canopies compared with<br />
5,022 adults and larvae from 50 v<strong>in</strong>e or ground<br />
cover plants (Tables 2, 3). This was the second<br />
most abundant <strong>thrips</strong> found on ground cover<br />
plants. Gnaphilium pensylvanicum was <strong>in</strong>fested<br />
with adults and larvae between January and<br />
March. Other <strong>in</strong>fested plants <strong>in</strong>cluded Stellaria<br />
media with females only <strong>in</strong> March, R. brasilensis<br />
with females and larvae <strong>in</strong> April, May, July, and<br />
August through November at the 5 orchard sites<br />
not receiv<strong>in</strong>g multiple herbicide applications<br />
(Tables 1,3). H. gowdeyi is considered a general<br />
flower feeder (Nakahara and Hilburn 1989).<br />
Helio<strong>thrips</strong> haemorrhoidalis (Bouché)<br />
85 specimens were collected only from <strong>citrus</strong><br />
fruits, and <strong>in</strong>ner and outer leaf samples dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
January through May <strong>in</strong> Trask, Pollard,<br />
Yarborough, and the two Mixom sites (Table 2).<br />
The number of <strong>thrips</strong> per sample was generally<br />
low with one or two <strong>in</strong>dividuals. No specimens<br />
were collected on ground cover plants. This<br />
species has a wide host range (Denmark 1985). In<br />
Table 6. Seasonal and relative abundance of Frankl<strong>in</strong>iella bisp<strong>in</strong>osa and F. Cephalic stages on 12 selected ground<br />
cover plants * <strong>in</strong> five <strong>citrus</strong> orchard sites <strong>in</strong> central and south-central <strong>Florida</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g January 1995–January 1996.<br />
Trask Pollard Yarborough Hart I Hart II<br />
Month F.b. F.c. F.b. F.c. F.b. F.c. F.b. F.c. F.b. F.c.<br />
January, 1995 0 0 0 50L 84A 4A 40A 3A 66A 21A 185A<br />
February 6A 73A 0 159L, 195A 1A 12A 14A 1A 37A 25A<br />
March 74L, 49A 0 41A 1A 43L, 251A 0 2A 0 7A 0<br />
April 150 L, 265A 0 20L, 111A 0 14A 1A 78L, 173A 0 1,666L, 1,395A 0<br />
May 24L 49A 4A 88L, 166A 2A 26L, 192A 0 11A 0 2L, 17P, 160A 5A<br />
July 67A 0 5A 0 1A 1A 0 0 2L 11A 46L, 76A<br />
August 1A 8A 5A 5A 0 4A 0 0 1A 5A<br />
September 0 1L, 23A 5A 9L, 42A 2A 2A 0 45L, 22A 0 155A<br />
October 37A 7L, 6A 2A 108L, 161A 0 7A 0 0 1A 2A<br />
November 1A 6A 3L 2A 130L, 125A 0<br />
6L,<br />
39A<br />
19A 326A 93A 895A<br />
January, 1996 0 1A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />
* The follow<strong>in</strong>g plants were used to tabulate F. bisp<strong>in</strong>osa counts: Bidens alba, Gnaphalium pensylvanicum,<br />
Solanum americanum, Amaranthus sp<strong>in</strong>osus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Emilia fosbergii, Lantana camara,<br />
Rumex hastatulus, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ambrosioides.<br />
F. cephalica was found on B. alba, S. americanum, A. sp<strong>in</strong>osus, A. artemisiifolia, and L. camara.<br />
F.b.-- F. bisp<strong>in</strong>osa<br />
F.c.-- F. cephalic<br />
Journal of Insect Science: Volume 6 | Article 45 14