Generic Drug Immunosuppression in Thoracic Transplantation - The ...
Generic Drug Immunosuppression in Thoracic Transplantation - The ...
Generic Drug Immunosuppression in Thoracic Transplantation - The ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
660 Uber et al. <strong>The</strong> Journal of Heart and Lung <strong>Transplantation</strong><br />
July 2009<br />
educate themselves about their pitfalls. We offer the<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g recommendations:<br />
1. Cl<strong>in</strong>icians should educate their patients to <strong>in</strong>form<br />
the coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g center if a change <strong>in</strong> either the<br />
label<strong>in</strong>g or appearance of their immunosuppressive<br />
medications suggests that a generic drug substitution<br />
has occurred.<br />
2. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical care coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g centers must develop<br />
structured approaches for the education of all personnel<br />
with regard to use of generic immunosuppressants.<br />
3. In unique cl<strong>in</strong>ical situations, where critical drug<br />
dos<strong>in</strong>g represents a f<strong>in</strong>e balance, caution should be<br />
exercised <strong>in</strong> the use of generic immunosuppression.<br />
4. Heightened vigilance to adverse sequelae and closer<br />
therapeutic drug monitor<strong>in</strong>g is <strong>in</strong>dicated until a<br />
stable immunosuppression milieu can be established.<br />
5. International advocacy efforts should be undertaken<br />
to develop rout<strong>in</strong>e cl<strong>in</strong>ical care coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g center<br />
notification when generic drug substitution occurs.<br />
6. International advocacy efforts should be undertaken<br />
to compel regulat<strong>in</strong>g agencies to approve only<br />
those generic immunosuppressants that have been<br />
studied under more appropriate circumstances,<br />
such as with concomitant <strong>in</strong>teract<strong>in</strong>g medications<br />
or <strong>in</strong> transplant recipients.<br />
APPENDIX<br />
Relationship disclosures for the authors of this study are as<br />
follows (past 12 months): Patricia Uber—none to disclose;<br />
Heather Ross—Novartis and Wyeth (consultant, scientific<br />
advisor); Andreas Zuckermann—Novartis and Wyeth (speaker),<br />
Roche (research grant), Astellas (consultant, scientific advisory<br />
board), Genzyme (speaker, research grant); Stuart<br />
Sweet—Astellas (speakers bureau); Paul Corris—Novartis (scientific<br />
advisory board member); Keith McNeil—none to disclose;<br />
Mandeep Mehra—Roche (research grants, consultant).<br />
REFERENCES<br />
1. Stumpf WE. <strong>The</strong> dose makes the medic<strong>in</strong>e. <strong>Drug</strong> Discovery Today<br />
2006;11:550–5.<br />
2. Health Canada. Guidance for <strong>in</strong>dustry. Bioequivalence requirements:<br />
critical dose drugs (2006). Available at: http://www.<br />
hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/applic-demande/guide-ld/bio/<br />
critical_dose_critique-eng.php.<br />
3. Verbeeck RK, Kanfer I, Walker RB. <strong>Generic</strong> substitution: the use<br />
of medic<strong>in</strong>al products conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g different salts and implications<br />
for safety. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006;28:1–6.<br />
4. Canada Food and <strong>Drug</strong> Regulations. Part C <strong>Drug</strong>s, Division I<br />
General, C.01.001. (1) Def<strong>in</strong>ition of serious adverse reaction.<br />
http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cr/C.R.C.-c.870/bo-ga:l_Cgb:s_C_01_001//en#anchorbo-ga:l_C-gb:s_C_01_001.<br />
5. Meyer MC. United States Food and <strong>Drug</strong> Adm<strong>in</strong>istration requirements<br />
for approval of generic drug products. J Cl<strong>in</strong> Psychiatry<br />
2001;62(suppl 5):4–9.<br />
6. Birkett DJ. <strong>Generic</strong>s—equal or not? Austral Prescriber 3003;26:<br />
85–7.<br />
7. Federal Regulations 21 CFR 320. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC: DHHS; 1998.<br />
8. Palylyk-Colwell E, Jamali F, Dryden W, et al. Bioequivalence and<br />
<strong>in</strong>terchangeability of narrow therapeutic range drugs. J Pharm<br />
Pharmaceut Sci 1998;1:2–7.<br />
9. Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for bioequivalence studies for generic products [<strong>in</strong><br />
Japanese]; 2006. www.nihs.go.jp/drug/be-guide/GL061124_BE.pdf.<br />
10. Waiver of <strong>in</strong> vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for<br />
immediate-release solid oral dosage forms based on a biopharmaceutics<br />
classification system. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC: FDA; 2000. http://<br />
www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/3618fnl.pdf.<br />
11. Deierhoi MH, Haug M. Review of select transplant subpopulations<br />
at high risk of failure from standard immunosuppressive<br />
therapy. Cl<strong>in</strong> Transplant 2000;14:439–48.<br />
12. Schroeder TJ, Hariharan S, First MR. Variations <strong>in</strong> bioavailability of<br />
cyclospor<strong>in</strong>e and relationship to cl<strong>in</strong>ical outcome <strong>in</strong> renal transplant<br />
subpopulations. Transplant Proc 1995;27:837–9.<br />
13. Knoop C, Vervier I, Thiry P, et al. Cyclospor<strong>in</strong>e pharmacok<strong>in</strong>etics<br />
and dose monitor<strong>in</strong>g after lung transplantation: comparison<br />
between cystic fibrosis and other conditions. <strong>Transplantation</strong><br />
2003;76:683–8.<br />
14. Reams BD, Palmer SM. Subl<strong>in</strong>gual tacrolimus for immunosuppression<br />
<strong>in</strong> lung transplantation: a potentially important therapeutic<br />
option <strong>in</strong> cystic fibrosis. J Respir Med 2002;1:91–8.<br />
15. Eadala P, Waud JP, Matthews SB, et al. Quantify<strong>in</strong>g the ‘hidden’<br />
lactose <strong>in</strong> drugs used for the treatment of gastro-<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al conditions.<br />
Aliment Pharmacol <strong>The</strong>r 2009;29:677–87.<br />
16. Girnita DM, Webber SA, Ferrell R, et al. Disparate distribution of<br />
16 candidate s<strong>in</strong>gle nucleotide polymorphisms among racial and<br />
ethnic groups of pediatric heart transplant patients. <strong>Transplantation</strong><br />
2006;82:1774–80.<br />
17. Girnita DM, Brooks MM, Webber SA, et al. Genetic polymorphisms<br />
impact the risk of acute rejection <strong>in</strong> pediatric heart<br />
transplantation: a multi-<strong>in</strong>stitutional study. <strong>Transplantation</strong> 2008;<br />
85:1632–9.<br />
18. Miao LY, Huang CR, Hou JQ, et al. Association study of ABCB1<br />
and CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms with sirolimus trough concentration<br />
and dose requirements <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>ese renal transplant recipients.<br />
Biopharm <strong>Drug</strong> Dispos 2008;29:1–5.<br />
19. Macphee IA, Fredericks S, Mohamed M, et al. Tacrolimus pharmacogenetics:<br />
the CYP3A5*1 allele predicts low dose-normalized<br />
tacrolimus blood concentrations <strong>in</strong> whites and South Asians.<br />
<strong>Transplantation</strong> 2005;79:499–502.<br />
20. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and <strong>Drug</strong><br />
Adm<strong>in</strong>istration to SangStat Medical Corp; withdrawal of approval<br />
on an abbreviated new drug application; cyclospor<strong>in</strong>e. Federal<br />
Register 2000;65:75717.<br />
21. First MR, Alloway R, Schroeder TJ. Development of Sang-35: a<br />
cyclospor<strong>in</strong>e formulation bioequivalent to Neoral. Cl<strong>in</strong> Transplant<br />
1998;12:518–24.<br />
22. Kovarik JM, Barilla D, McMahon L, et al. Adm<strong>in</strong>istration diluents<br />
differentiate Neoral from a generic cyclospor<strong>in</strong>e oral solution.<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong> Transplant 2002;16:306–9.<br />
23. Kovarik JM, Noe A, Wang Y, et al. Differentiation of <strong>in</strong>novator<br />
versus generic via a drug <strong>in</strong>teraction on sirolimus. Eur J Cl<strong>in</strong><br />
Pharmacol 2006;62:361–6.<br />
24. Kearns GL, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, et al. Developmental<br />
pharmacology—drug disposition, action, and therapy <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fants<br />
and children. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1157–67.<br />
25. Banahan BF, Kolassa EM. A physician survey on generic drugs and<br />
substitution of critical dose medications. Arch Intern Med 1997;<br />
157:2080–8.