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Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
<strong>Media</strong> <strong>Studies</strong> <strong>Revision</strong><br />
<strong>Booklet</strong><br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 1
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 2
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Section A will consist of 4 questions that test your analytical skills. The first three<br />
questions will call upon you to analyse a short extract of a TV Crime Drama that will<br />
be played three times at the beginning of the exam. There may also be a more general<br />
question that asks you to comment on a TV Crime Drama of your choice, so make<br />
sure you have had plenty of practice writing about one particular drama of your<br />
choice.<br />
There are 5 main categories that you need to be able to write about.<br />
Genre<br />
G R A N T I S<br />
Representation<br />
Audience<br />
Narrative<br />
Textual Analysis<br />
Industry<br />
Sound<br />
Genre<br />
Genres are important to the media industry because they help organisations brand their products using an agreed set of<br />
conventions that are particular to a specific genre. This type of categorisation makes it easier for audiences to find what<br />
they are looking for and ultimately watch/buy a product.<br />
Hybrid Genres = genres that could fit into two or more established genres. A drama such as Waterloo Road<br />
could fit into the relationships and romance genre and the teen drama.<br />
Sub-Genres = types of drama that belong to a particular category but have become so widespread that they have an<br />
established a distinct genre of their own. Vampire dramas are a good example, they clearly belong in the horror and<br />
supernatural category but because of the success of dramas like The Vampire Diaries, True Blood and Being Human,<br />
vampire dramas have created a genre all of their own.<br />
Generic Verisimilitude = the programme is very similar to what you would expect to see in the chosen genre.<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 3
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Recognising a TV Crime Drama<br />
1) List 5 TV Crime Dramas<br />
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2)List two conventions (and give examples) of a TV Crime Drama<br />
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3)Give an example of a sub genre of Crime Drama<br />
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4)Give an example of a TV Crime Drama with a hybrid genre<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 4
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Analysing Genre:<br />
TASK 1<br />
Five things to remember: You STINC<br />
Setting = place, era, buildings etc.<br />
Themes = love, poverty, money, dictatorships, war, environment, technology etc.<br />
Iconography = guns, aliens, spaceships, housing estates, terraced street, schools, drugs, alcohol etc.<br />
Narrative = equilibrium/disruption/resolution, linear/non linear, enigmas etc.<br />
Characters = Proppian, stereotyped, nuclear family, protagonists, antagonists etc.<br />
Task 1a: Watch the clip of Sherlock (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8_YQ7_Jo8k) and fill in the table below.<br />
Generic Element Textual Examples Audience Appeal and Meaning Created<br />
Setting<br />
Themes<br />
Iconography<br />
Narrative<br />
Characters<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 5
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 1b: Watch the clip of CSI (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt8E7vH0ESg) and fill in the table below.<br />
Generic Element Textual Examples Audience Appeal and Meaning Created<br />
Setting<br />
Themes<br />
Iconography<br />
Narrative<br />
Characters<br />
Extension Task: How are stereotypes used in CSI and what is their purpose?<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 6
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
TASK 2<br />
Task 2 - Watch the title sequence for CSI: New York. Pick out three generic<br />
conventions. Name the convention, explain what it does, and explain what effect<br />
that convention has on the way we view the opening credits of CSI: New York.<br />
An example has been done for you.<br />
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6itbHhm_TvQ)<br />
Generic Convention What is the function? What is the effect?<br />
The use of establishing shots<br />
(iconic New York skyline, Statue<br />
of Liberty).<br />
To anchor the location/setting of<br />
the crime drama.<br />
Raises audience expectations<br />
and suggest a relationship<br />
between crime and New York<br />
City.<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 7
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
TASK 3<br />
Task 3 - Explain how the opening sequence of ‘CSI: New York (Season 3, Episode 12 - Silent Night)’ is typical of the<br />
crime drama genre. (Video <strong>Media</strong>share)<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 8
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Representation<br />
One of the questions may ask you to describe how characters are represented in the genre. There are number of things<br />
to consider when we are writing about representation. If you can remember just a few of the terms below, you should be<br />
able to construct a detailed and relevant answer.<br />
Proppian characters = Hero, villain, helper, damsel-in-distress.<br />
Class = Working class, middle class, upper class.<br />
Race = Asian, white, black etc.<br />
National Identity = English, Scottish, Italian etc.<br />
Gender = Male or female.<br />
Stereotypes = a set of characteristics commonly applied to a distinct group of people.<br />
Subverted Stereotype = the stereotypical characteristics have been subverted. (A footballer’s wife is clever and<br />
doesn’t care about how she looks.)<br />
Verisimilitude = realism – a character that is similar to the type of person you might find in real life.<br />
Dress code = character’s costumes play an important part in identity creation.<br />
Sexuality = a character’s sexuality is often magnified to create a strong identity.<br />
Gesture codes = a character’s body language and facial expressions also help to shape their identity.<br />
Protagonist = a character who plays a positive role.<br />
Antagonist = a character who plays a negative role.<br />
Hyper-feminine = beautified in a way that often accentuates a woman’s physicality.<br />
Hyper-masculine = often these characters show little emotion and are portrayed as physically strong and<br />
masculine.<br />
Accent = regional/national – Geordie/Essex etc.<br />
Dialect = words that are particular to a specific region.<br />
Register = formal or informal.<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 9
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Keeping our focus on CSI: New York, watch the following clips and consider the question, Explain how gender is<br />
represented in CSI: New York. Use the template below to help organise your notes.<br />
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLrGXIDuAVU) & (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4NxXo2b0CI)<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 10
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 4 - Explain how gender is represented in CSI: New York.<br />
TASK4<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 11
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 12
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Now lets have a look at Sherlock, watch the following clips and consider the question, Explain how the criminal is<br />
represented in Sherlock. Use the template below to help organise your notes.<br />
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UcR9iKArd0)<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 13
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 5 - Explain how the criminal is represented in the ending sequence of Sherlock.<br />
TASK 5<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 14
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 15
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Audience<br />
It is important to understand how the drama has been created to appeal to a specific audience and how an audience<br />
may interpret a text. You need to be able to use the terms below when you are discussing the relationship between TV<br />
crime dramas and their audiences.<br />
Primary Target Audience = The audience that the drama is created for – The primary target for The Only Way is Essex<br />
would be young females.<br />
Secondary Target Audience = The audience that might watch the programme for other reasons aside from enjoying<br />
that particular genre – The secondary target audience for The Only Way is Essex could be young males. Young males<br />
may watch the programme because their partner does or because they want to look at women who have been beautified<br />
or because they are interested to see how bad it is.<br />
Dyer’s Star Theory – People are constructions – not real – commodities you can buy.<br />
Uses and Gratification Theory =<br />
Diversion – escaping form real life.<br />
Personal identity – identifying with others represented in the media, through shared values or experiences.<br />
Personal relationships – finding a basis for conversation and social interaction + having a substitute for real life<br />
companionship.<br />
Surveillance – gathering information – In considering this element of the theory and TV Drama, it could be argued that<br />
audience look to TV dramas for information about how to dress/behave.<br />
Mass Audience – An audience that would incorporate a cross-section of society. There are fewer mass audiences these<br />
days, as dramas are available across a range of different platforms to watch at a time that is convenient to the viewer.<br />
Coronation Street and Eastenders still demand audiences of 8 and 9 million and at Christmas these figures often<br />
increase.<br />
Niche Audience – Smaller audiences that are normally drawn to a specific genre of TV Drama. Niche audiences are<br />
more common due to the way in which people consume TV dramas. (explained above)<br />
Passive audience = An audience that watch a drama and do not think about or discuss the wider implications or<br />
underlying themes of the programme<br />
Active audience – An audience that does discuss wider implications and underlying themes.<br />
Preferred reading = The reading that media producers hope the audience will take form the text.<br />
Oppositional reading = Audience members from outside the target audience may reject the preferred reading, receiving<br />
their own alternative messages (Young males and The Only way is Essex)<br />
Negotiated Reading = Audiences accept the preferred reading but modify it to suit their own values and needs/<br />
oppositional / negotiated reading<br />
“Women make up a larger proportion of the audiences for TV Dramas. Theorists suggest that women have a greater need for escapism (diversion) as they spend more<br />
time in domestic spaces and that they have a stronger empathy for others.<br />
Men consume more factual based programmes like news, documentaries and panel shows. Some theorists suggest that this is because men occupy public spaces more frequently<br />
than domestic spaces and therefore need to understand more about the public worlds that they inhabit. “<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 16
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
TASK 6<br />
Task 6 - Watch the following trailer for Luther. Suggest a target audience for the crime drama. Give reasons for your<br />
answer. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnIr5bo99bA)<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 17
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
TASK 7<br />
Task 7 - Using examples, explain how crime dramas attract their target audiences.<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 18
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Narrative<br />
TV crime dramas use different narrative techniques to entertain their audiences. Techniques may change<br />
according to the genre or the structure of the genre. TV cream dramas can be categorised into 4 main types –<br />
• One off drama<br />
• Mini-Series – compromising of 2-4 episodes<br />
• Series – A set amount of episodes per series<br />
• Serials – Continuously running programmes – Soap Operas are a good example.<br />
When you are analyzing the narrative of TV Crime Dramas you must try and use the terms below.<br />
Todorov’s theory = equilibrium, disruption, resolution<br />
Levi Strauss’ theory = binary opposites used to set up narrative – good vs evil etc.<br />
Barthes’ codes =<br />
• enigmas to create a puzzle and keep the audience guessing<br />
• cultural codes – specific cultural references to engage and often reflect the lifestyle of the audience<br />
Open / closed narratives = open – narrative continues / closed – narrative is concluded.<br />
Cliffhangers = used in the hope that the audience will watch again to find out what is going to happen.<br />
Linear/ non linear = linear – narrative in chronological order / non linear = narrative jumps about.<br />
Flashbacks = Jumping back in time to give the audience information that helps inform the narrative.<br />
Single / multi-strand = single – one main narrative / multi – a number of different storylines<br />
Restricted = the audience’s information is restricted and they find out more as the narrative develops.<br />
Unrestricted = the audience have an overall view of things and they have access to more information than<br />
some if not all of the characters.<br />
Narrative goals – Journey (physical/metaphysical) / flight / quest /<br />
goal orientated<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 19
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 8 - What narrative techniques have been used to attract the audience in the trailer for Scott and Bailey?<br />
Briefly explain your answer. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beJGiFnqCP0)<br />
TASK 8<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 20
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 9 - Explain how narrative techniques are used in Crime Dramas? Briefly explain your answer using your own<br />
examples.<br />
TASK 9<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 21
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Industry<br />
The last questions on both sides of the paper will test your knowledge of the TV Drama industry. You will be expected to be able to comment<br />
on the organisations that create and broadcast dramas and the organisation that regulates the industry. You will also be tested on your<br />
knowledge of the way organisations market and promote their products and the ways in which TV Dramas are made available to audiences in a<br />
digital age.<br />
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Broadcasting =<br />
• PSB = public service broadcasting – the BBC – paid for by the licence fee.<br />
• Commercial broadcasters = broadcasters that make their money through advertising – ITV, Channel 4 and 5 and all the digital<br />
channels including Sky Atlantic etc.<br />
• Narrowcasting = broadcasters often target smaller niche audiences through channels such as The Horror Channel etc.<br />
• OFCOM = regulate the TV industry and deal with complaints made by the public.<br />
• Scheduling = when a drama is broadcast can be really important. A product must be broadcast when the target audience, are most<br />
likely to watch.<br />
• The Watershed = The watershed is still 9pm. After this time, orhanistaions are allowed to broadcast dramas that have adult content.<br />
• BARB = Broadcasting audience Research Board – provide viewing figures for British TV.<br />
• Peak time = between 6 and 10.30 – when most people watch TV.<br />
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Distribution =<br />
• Digital TV Channels – Sky have a range of channels that broadcast dramas in a specific genre – The Horror Channel, The Sci-fi<br />
channel, Comedy Central etc.<br />
• Youtube channels – many broadcasters now have their own Youtube channel<br />
• Online players – many broadcasters now have their own online player – BBC iplayer, ITV player, 4 on demand, Sky Go etc.<br />
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Marketing and promotion =<br />
• Websites / Social Networking = most dramas have their own website or at least dedicated pages on the website of the broadcaster.<br />
Most programmes also have a facebook page and twitter account.<br />
• Trailers/adverts = broadcasters often trail there product on their own channel and sometimes they advertise their dramas through<br />
other broadcasters.<br />
• Bridging = this is a common form of promotion and is used by all broadcasters. This is where a drama is advertised in between two<br />
programmes. For example, the BBC often produce lavish trailers with taglines, (everyone is talking about it) for Eastenders, that are<br />
played in between other programmes on the BBC.<br />
• Sponsorship – some dramas are sponsored by specific companies – Cadbury’s sponsor Coronation Street (a family product for a<br />
programme that has a target audience of families)<br />
• Physical Merchandise = many dramas like Doctor Who, sell a range of merchandise such as, Clothes, DVD’s Posters etc<br />
• Digital Merchandise = broadcasters of ten give away free digital merchandise, like wallpapers and backgrounds, access to interviews<br />
with characters, plot line spoilers etc.<br />
• Spin offs – The creation of further series or online content – E20, Cleveland etc.<br />
• Star vehicles – dramas help to create star vehicles that audiences grow to love.<br />
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Key Terms =<br />
1. PLATFORMS – the different types of media that TV drams can be broadcast through and marketed through –<br />
digital tv, online, DVD, radio, print, outdoor advertising.<br />
2. CONVERGENCE – using different media platforms to distribute and market the same product.<br />
3. SYNERGY – using the same techniques across a range of media platforms, to market and brand a drama – colour<br />
codes, typography, logos, theme tunes, Proppian characters, locations etc.<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 22
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 10 - Using examples, explore why crime dramas are important for the television industry.<br />
TASK 10<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 23
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 11 - Using examples, explore how the television industry is convergent.<br />
TASK 11<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 24
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 12 - How does the TV industry market and promote TV Crime Dramas?<br />
TASK 12<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 25
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 26
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
You can view these in your A3 <strong>Booklet</strong>. (Page 9 - 18)<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 27
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 13 - Look at a TV Schedule. (Page 9 - 18 in A3 <strong>Booklet</strong>)<br />
Can You find examples of theming, bridging, pre-echoing, stacking and hammocking?<br />
Channel Day and Time Example<br />
TASK 13<br />
Theming<br />
Bridging<br />
Pre-echoing<br />
Stacking<br />
Hammocking<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 28
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Sound<br />
Sound is really important part of TV drama and is relatively easy to write about. You must ensure that you comment on<br />
the way sound has been used by commenting on the different elements of sound that are listed below.<br />
Diegetic sound = This is the sound that the audience and the actors can her – kettles boiling, explosions, wind<br />
whistling etc.<br />
Non diegetic sound = This is the sound that only the audience can hear – music-beds, voice-overs, narration etc.<br />
Music-bed = this is the music that you hear being played underneath the moving images – what effect does it have?<br />
Theme Tune = themes tunes play an important role in helping to establish the genre and are often used to help<br />
market the product. A theme tune could be described as a sonic trigger – once you hear it, you know the programme<br />
instantly. (Think about Corrie and Eastenders)<br />
Ambience = this is the background noise that helps create verisimilitude – traffic on a busy street, the wind whistling<br />
through the woods etc.<br />
Voice = tone/ accent / dialect / register.<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 29
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Task 14 - How has sound been used in the trailer for Luther.<br />
(Series 3 Finale Trailer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-jm2mnqtzc)<br />
TASK 14<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 30
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 31
Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 32
Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Section A Terminology<br />
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Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
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Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
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Section A Investigating TV Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Notes:-<br />
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Section A Television Crime Drama Pudsey Grangefield School<br />
Notes:-<br />
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Television Crime Drama and Magazines 2014 37
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