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Psyc 4720 Experimental Analysis of Behavior Fall 2010 Unit 1 Exam selecting which vocal pattern will be repeated in the future. a) Would you consider this selection at the phylogenic level or the ontogenic level? (1 pt) Ontogenic b) Why? (2 pts) It is learning (a behavior change) that is occurring within the lifetime of the child and not a change in behavioral tendencies across generations of the species. 5) Is the model of causation described in question 4 an example of immediate causation or remote causation? (1 pt). ____remote_______ a) Explain why you consider it an example of this type of causation. (2 pts) The behavior change is not elicited by a prior stimulus in an immediate sense but is gradually brought about by a history of consequences (a history or reinforcement). Past consequences make the speech patterns of the child that sound like the parent more likely and <strong>one</strong>s that don’t sound like the parent less likely. There is a longer time period between the causal event and the outcome. 6) What are “establishing operations” (often referred to as motivating operations now)? (2 pts) Establishing operations make consequences more or less reinforcing and evoke (or inhibit) the behavior that has produced these consequences in the past. a) How would you use this to explain why a dog will do tricks for praise and pats at home but will not do the tricks at the park where they just run around sniffing everything? (2 pts) At home praise and pats are reinforcing because home environment is familiar and the praise and pats have been established as reinforcers. At the park the EO has changed because there are other reinforcers (novel smells) available. Sniffing is the behavior evoked because of the present strong reinforcer of novel smells and praise or pats are less reinforcing in this environment. If we could make access to the smells contingent on doing tricks, the dog would do that for the smells rather than the pats at the park but do it for the pats at home where no new smells are present. 7) Describe an example of a single-subject research design. Say what changes in the data (trend and level in the various conditions) are needed to determine the independent variable produced the effects in the dependent variable. (6 pts) ABAB or Multiple Baseline research design. Include a baseline where DV is measured for several sessions without intervention of IV. Introduce IV while holding everything else constant and continue measuring DV for several sessions. In Multiple baseline do this in a staggered sequence with three settings, three behaviors or three participants. In ABAB, repeat the baseline and intervention phases. If the data in the baselines are stable (no trends up or down) at a particular level and then changes quickly to a new level (often trending up or down) when the IV is present we say we have an effect. If we return to baseline conditions and the data return to baseline levels (trending back to the previous level) we have evidence that our intervention caused our DV change. In the Multiple Baseline design we should see changes in level and trend in each of the graphs ONLY when the intervention was introduced.
Psyc 4720 Experimental Analysis of Behavior Fall 2010 Unit 1 Exam 8) How does the experimental analysis of behavior differ from what is usually found in applied behavior analysis? (2 pts) EAB involves basic research in which the studies are conducted to discover new knowledge or principles. ABA seeks to discover solutions to practical problems usually in applied settings. 9) What do behavior analysts mean by culture (2 pts)? Consistent conditions arranged by a group to regulate the behavior of individuals. These conditions are considered cultural practices. a) What is “cultural evolution” (2 pts) and why would behavior analysts be interested in it? (1 pt) Cultural practices are selected by their consequences and cultures gradually change because of this (called cultural evolution). Because behavior analysts are interested in what influences the behavior of individuals they study cultural practices and how they change so they can better explain the behavior patterns of those they study ---------------------------------------------Bonus Points------------------------------------------------ 10) What contributions to behavior analysis are associated with : a) J.B. Watson? (1 pt) Father of Behaviorism. Brought Pavlov’s conditioning methods to American psychologists. b) E. Thorndike? (1 pt) Law of Effect. Used cats to be the first American psychologist to study the way consequences affect behavior. 11) How did Skinner differ from Watson when referring to internal events such as thoughts and feelings? (2 pts) Both acknowledge internal events but Watson ignored them in his approach because they couldn’t be studied objectively. Skinner included them in his analysis but not a special causal events but as more stimuli and responses to be considered.
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