India Education Report (2005) - NCEE

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In the early post-Independence years, a bachelor's degree often provided the elite entrance to prime government positions, but in contemporary India, it at best provides a chance to become a white-collar worker at a relatively modest salary. And with organized employment only representing 10 percent of total employment, finding a professional job is a challenge. Nevertheless, a university degree or diploma continues to be a requirement for most jobs and consequently, the college and university system remains in demand. But students do not demand quality improvements in their education. 59 Instead, many of them spend more years (and increasingly more resources) in acquiring some sort of post-graduate professional qualification in order to signal their skills and knowledge to potential employers. Another recent phenomenon is the number of college students, in non-professional degree courses, who study in parallel technical professionally-oriented courses with the hope of increasing their job prospects upon graduation (examples of these include various kinds of computer courses provided by institutes such as NIIT and Aptech). With teacher appointments made based on political affiliation, the teachers themselves are often unmotivated, unchallenged by competition in that students do not select teachers and courses once they enroll in a program, not held accountable for the quality of their teaching, and in fact, are very often paid on a per lecture basis. (Teacher salaries can constitute as much as 95 percent of university expenditures.) In response to these problems, the UGC is now encouraging students to take electives from other disciplines outside their stream in order to gain additional job-related skills and earn certificates after just one year of study. Practical courses are beginning to be offered at colleges and universities, offering hands-on learning to supplement the theoryheavy traditional curriculum. 60 Admissions For admission to undergraduate courses, universities/institutes in India require candidates to have completed 12 years of schooling. This is considered by the British Council to be equivalent to earning pass grades in five subjects at the Ordinary Level (O level) and two subjects at the Advanced Level (A Level) through the GCE Examination of the U.K. Privately managed and publicly funded colleges are required to admit 50 percent of their students based on their performance on entrance exams (free seats). These students are not required to pay any extra fees or tuition. The other 50 percent of students are admitted based on their willingness to pay extra tuition (payment seats). The unaided private colleges set their own fee levels (below a government-set ceiling) that are generally extremely high in comparison to the aided private colleges and government colleges. 59 Kapur, Devesh and Pratap Bhanu Mehta. “Indian Higher Education Reform: From Half-Baked Socialism to Half-Baked Capitalism.” Working Paper, Center for International Development at Harvard University. September 2004. 60 Dilip Thakore. “New Stimulus for College Education.” Indiatogether.org. June 2004. ©National Center on Education and the Economy, 2005 23
Only students who are able to obtain an 80% to 99% on their examinations are able to get admission into a good college. Otherwise, many students are admitted into average colleges for regular Bachelor of Arts, Sciences or Communication degrees. In general, gaining admission to a nonprofessional college is not unduly difficult except in the case of some select colleges that are particularly competitive. Students encounter greater difficulties in gaining admission to professional colleges in such fields as architecture, business, medicine, and dentistry. And, of course, admissions to the Indian Institutes of Technology (and the Indian Institutes of Management for graduate level work) is extremely competitive. Indian Institutes of Technology In 1946, the Sarkar Committee was set up to explore creating technical institutes of higher education for post-war industrial development of India under a special act by the President. The recommendations of the Sarkar Committee were modeled along the lines of great U.S. universities, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The first Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) was created in 1950. The seventh and latest was established by upgrading one of India’s oldest engineering institutions, Roorkee University, into an IIT. IITs offer undergraduate, integrated postgraduate, postgraduate and doctoral degrees in over 25 different engineering, technology and business/ management disciplines. There are about 1,500 undergraduate and 2,000 graduate students in each IIT (except for IIT Guwahati which is about half this size). The government reserves just over 20 percent of the IIT places for scheduled castes and tribes. But this does nothing to help women, who make up less than 5 percent of the IIT students. IITs are considered world-class and are core to the knowledge-based development strategy of the country. The curriculum may be the most rigorous in the world. Students carry approximately 50 percent more courses than the typical U.S. undergrad. Last year, 178,000 high school seniors took the entrance exam called the JEE (Joint Entrance Examination). The entrance exams are fiercely competitive and no amount of connections or string-pulling help. (Most students wishing to enter IITs rely on extensive private tutoring to prepare them for the highly rigorous exam.) The Examination consists of one Screening Paper of three hours duration in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Those who qualify in the screening test return for the Main Examination consisting of three papers in Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry, each of two hours duration. The question papers for Joint Entrance Examination are in both English and Hindi. The candidates are permitted to write the Main Examination in any one of the following languages: Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. Just over 3,500 were accepted, or less than two percent of the 200,000 students who sat for the JEE (compared to Harvard College’s eight percent acceptance rate). Each institute is staffed by high-caliber teaching faculty, has well equipped most modern laboratories, state-of -art library and computer networks. The selected candidates live in a pleasant and intellectually simulating environment. The teaching method relies on direct personal contact between teacher and students (the average student: teacher ratio is ©National Center on Education and the Economy, 2005 24
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India Education Report (2005) - NCEE

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