Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer in Alabama by Chris Cook and Bill Gray Wildlife Biologists Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries M. Barnett Lawley Commissioner Fred R. Harders Assistant Director M. N. “Corky” Pugh Director Gary H. Moody Chief, Wildlife Section September 2003 Support for development of this publication was provided by the Wildlife Restoration Program and the Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries with funds provided by your purchase of hunting licenses and equipment. i
Page 1: Biology and Management of White-tai
Page 6 and 7: WINTER ............................
Page 8 and 9: ALABAMA FROM 1986-87 THROUGH 2001-0
Page 10 and 11: Barnett, and Wyman Meinzer and repr
Page 12 and 13: cessful deer restoration in Alabama
Page 14 and 15: cies of whitetails, including O. v.
Page 16 and 17: has found color perception in deer
Page 18 and 19: ANTLER DEVELOPMENT Deer have antler
Page 20 and 21: This ear-tagged buck was photograph
Page 22 and 23: contact also is avoided. Dominant a
Page 24 and 25: ment. A hungry deer will move to fi
Page 26 and 27: BREEDING PERIOD OR RUT Throughout A
Page 28 and 29: However, doe fawns do not contribut
Page 30 and 31: Chronic health problems in a deer h
Page 32 and 33: Predation is not a limiting factor
Page 34 and 35: quality of food. There is no shorta
Page 36 and 37: Below are some common deer browse s
Page 38 and 39: genetic influence on antler growth.
Page 40 and 41: habitat has sufficient quantity and
Page 42 and 43: SUMMER The need for quality forage
Page 44 and 45: vest, but also have proven to be va
Page 46 and 47: tremely cold periods. Lack of suffi
Page 48 and 49: stand also is an example of edge. D
Page 50 and 51: forage for their nutritional requir
Page 52 and 53:
animals that can be supported in go
Page 54 and 55:
cases where population levels are a
Page 56 and 57:
occupy the best habitat and general
Page 58 and 59:
weights by respective age class and
Page 60 and 61:
later estrous cycles will have fawn
Page 62 and 63:
natural breeding behaviors. Studies
Page 64 and 65:
Biologists use fetal measurements t
Page 66 and 67:
does taken in reproductive collecti
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potential is documented at the Geor
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often costly proposition. The level
Page 72 and 73:
deer—especially does—should be
Page 74 and 75:
Deer populations respond to varying
Page 76 and 77:
Key to this educational process is
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deer in some areas. These recommend
Page 80 and 81:
tinctive differences between these
Page 82 and 83:
ible with available resources. Whil
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iologist when assessing the feasibi
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the population each year to produce
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often are so low most hunters in Al
Page 90 and 91:
Mississippi study found most yearli
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only opens up the door for higher b
Page 94 and 95:
DEVELOPING A DEER MANAGEMENT PLAN I
Page 96 and 97:
vested from the midwestern U.S., th
Page 98 and 99:
stood, the management process can p
Page 100 and 101:
A deer population is dynamic and to
Page 102 and 103:
Severinghaus’ tooth replacement a
Page 104 and 105:
Step 2 - Push the small end of the
Page 106 and 107:
WEIGHTS Weights can be collected as
Page 108 and 109:
3 - Basal circumference is the dist
Page 110 and 111:
servation log should be kept at the
Page 112 and 113:
damaged appendages, sloughing hoove
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on them. Since soils found in the B
Page 116 and 117:
ity of these preferred plant specie
Page 118 and 119:
will not allow some of the woody pl
Page 120 and 121:
herbicide can greatly improve the q
Page 122 and 123:
to 70 square feet per acre (Yarrow
Page 124 and 125:
from 11 percent to 17 percent follo
Page 126 and 127:
log-loading decks, turn-arounds on
Page 128 and 129:
two-acre plot planted with these cr
Page 130 and 131:
two or three samples may be needed
Page 132 and 133:
to the recommended level. Having th
Page 134 and 135:
High protein foods are essential fo
Page 136 and 137:
Using clovers, such as crimson (top
Page 138 and 139:
are usually better suited for use i
Page 140 and 141:
Much of the food provided in trough
Page 142 and 143:
mineral supplements on antler size
Page 144 and 145:
LITERATURE CITED Baker, R. H. 1984.
Page 146 and 147:
441-449. Harmel, D. E. 1982. Effect
Page 148 and 149:
Koerth, B. H. and J. C. Kroll. 1994
Page 150 and 151:
485. Alabama Cooperative Extension
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix 2: DEER HARVEST AND HUNTER
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 160 and 161:
Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 164 and 165:
Appendix 6: DEER HARVEST DATA FORM
Page 166 and 167:
Appendix 8: TEMPLATE FOR JAWBONE PU
Page 168 and 169:
AUSTRIAN WINTER PEA Planting Date:
Page 170 and 171:
LADINO OR WHITE CLOVER Planting Dat
Page 172 and 173:
RYE Planting Date: September 1 - No
Page 174 and 175:
VETCH (BIGFLOWER, COMMON, HAIRY) Pl
Page 176 and 177:
BUCKWHEAT Planting Date: May 1 - Ju
Page 178 and 179:
HAIRY INDIGO Planting Date: May 1 -
Page 180 and 181:
VELVETBEAN Planting Date: April 15
Page 182 and 183:
Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 184 and 185:
Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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