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Field Guide: How to Live and Work Without Paraquat 3. Green manuring Green manuring is the plowing under or soil incorporation of any green manure crops while they are green or soon after they flower. Green manures are forage or leguminous crops that are grown for their leafy materials needed for soil conservation Table 1. Green Manure Crops Seeding rate kg/ha Green biomass t/ha Dry biomass t/ha Nitrogen content % Nitrogen kg/ha When to incorporate in the soil? (days after planting) Azolla 50-90 8-10 4,8-3 52 35 Cowpea 40 9-10 3-4 1.4-1.5 140-150 40-60 Lablab 7-18 5-7 220 45-60 Mustard 5-12 3.5 21-37 Sesbania 20-90 1.5-4 4.3 250-360 45-50 Soybean 30-56 5-7.4 310 45-60 Sun hemp 35-40 5-19 5.5-6 1.7 108 50-60 Sweet clover 30-40 12 6 2 40-50 Pigeon pea 45-67 9-10 5-7 45-60 4. Intercropping Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. It also means the growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has completed its development. Types of intercropping practices • Mixed or multiple cropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field without a row arrangement • Relay cropping is the growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has completed its development • Row intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field with a row arrangement • Strip cropping is the cultivation of different crops in alternate strips of uniform width and on the same field. It has two types; contour strip cropping and field strip cropping. Contour strip cropping follows a layout of a definite rotational sequence and the tillage is held closely to the exact contour of the field. Field strip cropping has strips with uniform width that follows across the general slope of the land 5. Field sanitation Field sanitation is an important and highly effective farm practice to keep most weeds under control. What to do? • Use sterilized or diseased-free seeds for sowing. • Properly select healthy plants for transplanting. • Keep weeds under control at all times. Keep the surroundings of your farm free of weeds, unless they are maintained and intended as habitat for natural enemies. • Make yourself 'clean'. Always bear in mind that you might be the carrier of the pests while you move from one plant to another. • Plow-under the crop residues and organic mulches. This improves the soil condition and helps disrupt the weeds’ lifecycle. The seeds are exposed to extreme temperature, mechanical injury, and predators. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany
Field Guide: How to Live and Work Without Paraquat • Maintain cleanliness on the irrigation canals. • Make your own compost. Your compost pile is where you can place your plant trimmings and other plant debris. • Clean your farm tools. Wash plows, harrows, shovels, trowels, pruning gears, bolos after use. Lightly oil pruning gears. 6. Crop rotation Crop rotation is one of the oldest and most effective cultural control strategies. It means the planned order of specific crops planted on the same field. It also means that the succeeding crop belongs to a different family than the previous one. The planned rotation may vary from 2 or 3 year or longer period. The rationally behind crop rotation is to break the lifecycle of some of the weeds. Table 2. Example of Crop Groups Family Allium Cucurbit Crucifer Legume Aster Solanaceous (Nightshade family) Grains and cereals Carrot family Root crops Mallow family Common Names Chive, garlic, leek, onion, shallot Bitter gourd, bottle gourd, chayote, cucumbvrer, ivy gourd, luffa gourd, melons, pumpkins, snake gourd, squash, wax gourd Bok choy (petchay), broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, Chines cabbage, cauliflower,collard, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, radish,turnip, watercress Common beans, black bean, broad bean (Fava), clover, cowpea, garbanzo, hyacinth bean, kidney bean, Lima bean, lintel, mungbean, peanut, pigeon pea, pinto bean, runner bean, snap pea, snow pea, sybean, string bean, white bean Lettuce, artichoke Potatoe, tomatoe, pepper, eggplant Corn, sorghum, rice, wheat, oat, barley, millet Carrot, celery, dill, parsnip, parsley Cassava, sweet potatoe, taro, yam, water, chestnut Cotton, okra II.C Mechanical and physical practices 1. Hand weeding. The weeds are easier to control during their earlier growing period. If possible, do not let the weeds flower. Remove them from the field before they start to flower. Pulled weed bearing seeds should not be placed in compost pile for the seeds may not be killed in the process of decomposition. Compost might be the source of the reintroduction of weeds onto your fields. 2. Hoeing, mowing, and cutting 3. Off-barring and hilling-up 4. Regular cleaning of farm tools 5. Shading. Most weeds require high light intensity to grow, and high levels of shade prevent them from manufacturing their food. 6. Burning/flaming 7. Grazing. Bringing farm animals to graze directly on the weeds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany 11
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