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Evaluation and testing in nursing education - Springer Publishing

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<strong>Evaluation</strong>, Measurement, <strong>and</strong> Education 21<br />

Objectives play a role <strong>in</strong> teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> evaluat<strong>in</strong>g students <strong>in</strong> varied sett<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

<strong>in</strong> nurs<strong>in</strong>g. They provide guidel<strong>in</strong>es for student learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>struction <strong>and</strong><br />

serve as a basis for evaluat<strong>in</strong>g learn<strong>in</strong>g. The objectives represent the outcomes<br />

of learn<strong>in</strong>g; these outcomes may <strong>in</strong>clude the acquisition of knowledge, development<br />

of values, <strong>and</strong> performance of psychomotor <strong>and</strong> technological skills. <strong>Evaluation</strong><br />

serves to determ<strong>in</strong>e the extent of the student’s learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> relation to these<br />

outcomes. Each of the doma<strong>in</strong>s of learn<strong>in</strong>g has its own classification or taxonomic<br />

system, which is of value <strong>in</strong> gear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>test<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>and</strong> evaluation to the level of learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />

anticipated from the <strong>in</strong>struction. While different methods have been proposed<br />

for develop<strong>in</strong>g test items <strong>and</strong> other evaluation strategies, the important pr<strong>in</strong>ciple<br />

is that they relate to the learn<strong>in</strong>g outcomes.<br />

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Cognitive doma<strong>in</strong>. White Pla<strong>in</strong>s, NY: Longman.<br />

Dave, R. H. (1970). Psychomotor levels. In R. J. Armstrong (Ed.), Develop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />

behavioral objectives. Tucson, AZ: Educational Innovators.<br />

Gaberson, K. B., & Oermann, M. H. (1999). Cl<strong>in</strong>ical teach<strong>in</strong>g strategies <strong>in</strong> nurs<strong>in</strong>g <strong>education</strong>.<br />

New York: Spr<strong>in</strong>ger.<br />

Gronlund, N. E. (2000). How to write <strong>and</strong> use <strong>in</strong>structional objectives (6th ed.). Upper<br />

Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.<br />

Krathwohl, D., Bloom, B., & Masia, B. (1964). Taxonomy of <strong>education</strong>al objectives, H<strong>and</strong>book<br />

II: Affective doma<strong>in</strong>. New York: Longman.<br />

L<strong>in</strong>n, R. L., & Gronlund, N. E. (2000). Measurement <strong>and</strong> assessment <strong>in</strong> teach<strong>in</strong>g (8th ed.).<br />

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.<br />

Mertler, C. A. (2003). Classroom assessment. Los Angeles: Pyrczak.<br />

Oermann, M. H. (2004). Basic skills for teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> the advanced practice nurse. In<br />

L. Joel (Ed.), Advanced practice nurs<strong>in</strong>g: Essentials for role development (pp. 398–429).<br />

Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.<br />

Oosterhof, A. (2001). Classroom applications of <strong>education</strong>al measurement (3rd ed.). Upper<br />

Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

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