Nursing of Autism Spectrum Disorder - Springer Publishing

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4 NURSING OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Best-practice nursing care for this population is a consequence of integrating theories of nursing with theories of ASD in the context of the clinical encounter. REFERENCES Baas, K. (2006). Specialty: Autism approaches need to be tailored to each person. The Pennsylvania Nurse, 61(1), 14–15. Cantwell, D. P., Baker, L., Rutter, M., & Mawhood, L. (1989). Infantile autism and the developmental receptive dysphasia: A comparative follow-up into middle childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 19–30. Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Ashwal, S., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H., Jr., Dawson, G., ...Volkmar, F. R. (2000). Practice parameter: Screening and diagnosis of autism: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology, 55(4), 468–479. Frith, U. (2003). Autism: Explaining the enigma (2 ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Gray, D. E. (1998). Autism and the family: Problems, prospects, and coping with the disorder. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Heidgerken, A. D., Geffken, G., Modi, A., & Frakey, L. (2005). A survey of autism knowledge in a health care setting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 323–330. Houston, R., & Frith, U. (2000). Autism in history: The case of Hugh Blair of Borgue. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. The Nervous Child, 2, 217–250. Kolvin, I. (1971). Diagnostic criteria and classification of childhood psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 381–384. Lubetsky, M. J., McGonigle, J. J., & Handen, B. L. (2008). Recognition of autism spectrum disorder. Speaker’s Journal, 8(4), 13–23. Rutter, M. (2001). Autism: Two-way interplay between research and clinical work. In J. Green, & W. Yule (Eds.), Research and innovation on the road to modern child psychiatry (Vol. I, pp. 54–80). London: Gaskell and the Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Thomas, C. (2007). Sociologies of disability and illness: Contested ideas in disability and medical sociology. London: Palgrave. Wolff, S. (2004). The history of autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(4), 201–208.
1 Autism Spectrum Disorder: Core Features and Medical Comorbidities Cordelia Robinson Rosenberg HISTORY According to the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions, the condition called autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects approximately 1 in every 88 children and has received considerable attention over the last decade (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). Media of all types provide us almost weekly with some new piece of information about the diagnosis, prognosis, or interventions for this complex disorder. The media attention given to the prevalence of ASD, as well as its social and economic impacts, have been largely influenced by the work of parent- and grandparent-driven advocacy efforts. In addition to media attention, these advocates have influenced the U.S. Congress. The Child Health Act passed in 2000 gave considerable impetus to federal action by authorizing initiatives at the CDC, which included autism surveillance, a multisite case-cohort study (Centers for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Research and Epidemiology—Study to Explore Early Development), and a public awareness campaign around screening (Learn the Signs, Act Early [CDC, 2010]). In 2006, the U.S. Congress passed the Combating Autism Act, which mandated the reactivation of an Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC) charged with developing and overseeing a strategic plan. This plan was organized around critical questions framed from the point of view of families: (1) When should I be concerned? (2) How can I understand what is happening? (3) What caused this to happen and can it be prevented? (4) Which treatments and interventions will help? (5) Where can I turn for services? (6) What does the future hold? (Combating Autism Act, 2006). In December 2010, the Congressional Autism Caucus released a report on the status of the strategic plan. This level of government effort around a specific condition is unprecedented. The number of individuals and families affected by autism, the access to comprehensive care, and the predicted economic impact of a failure to attend to the issues raised by the IACC strategic plan appear to be the primary drivers of this bipartisan government action (Ganz, 2007; Kogan et al., 2008). In this chapter, we examine the history of diagnosing conditions on the autism spectrum. We will examine the evolution of the criteria used to diagnose autism, the symptoms and behaviors considered to be core features, and the frequency of co-occurring conditions. Before considering these topics, we look at where we are now with respect to the diagnosis of ASD. DIAGNOSING AUTISM One of the critical aspects of the work to be done in the field concerns how a diagnosis of autism is made. It is essential to realize that there is no definitive biological test at this time
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