ITS for Developing Countries ITS for Developing Countries - TTS Italia

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ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries 2.2 Two Kinds of ITS, Based on Two Kinds of Benefits ITS which provides society-wide benefits – Why governments deploy ITS. This is ITS which mainly provides society-wide benefits directly by resolving conventional transport issues. These include reducing traffic deaths and injuries, reducing overall levels of congestion, and reducing emissions as follows: •Improved mobility for people and freight •Less traffic congestion •A better managed transportation infrastructure •Reduced environmental impact of surface transportation •Reduced fatalities and crash severity These benefits are potentially very large, and they are properly among the important reasons why governments adopt and promote ITS. For example, systems for traffic management, and demand management could be classified as ITS providing society-wide benefits. This type of ITS involves not only users but also a society. Hence, these adoption is only possible as a result of a political consensus at the social level. and more immediately. In addition, it is often possible to have such ITS available more rapidly and at lower cost than the larger scale efforts represented by ITS providing societywide benefits. In some cases, this type of ITS has commercial appeal and can be introduced by private sector organizations without the need to spend public funds. Even though ITS applications like electronic toll collection are often operated by public agencies, the fact that they produce revenues (as well as user benefits) makes their introduction much more attractive. The other reason that this type of ITS is important is that it helps to provide the political and social foundation for ITS providing society-wide benefits. For example, if individual travelers are attracted to wireless entertainment and information products, their purchases can help fund a communications infrastructure that also supports safety and traffic management applications. This type of ITS can directory benefit individuals or commercial entities/firms. Adopting these fields depends on a sufficient number of individual or commercial entities/firms finding it beneficial to procure the applications. This type of ITS helps to promote the systematic and methodical introduction of ITS, including the adoption of relevant ITS standards. It provides broad-based social and political benefits, justifying the expenditure of public funds. On the other hand, this type of ITS has less immediate appeal to consumers and in the marketplace, because its benefits are long-term, gradual, and less immediately obvious to users, vehicle operators, and the private sector. ITS which enhances reliability and business efficiency – Why users accept ITS The second important reason for adopting and using ITS relates to benefits that may not provide significant effects to solve conventional traffic issues but helps to increase quality of services which individual travelers or individual transportation operators can see, understand, and appreciate as follows: •Reducing travel uncertainty •Increasing security for freight movement and personal travel •Increasing efficiency for operators •Increasing efficiency for users These benefits include greater reliability and less uncertainty in travel, which makes travel more comfortable and more productive, greater efficiency in operating and using the transportation system, and more secure. For example, systems for road management, commercial vehicle operation, and public transport management could be classified as ITS enhancing reliability and business efficiency. The above benefits may be more modest in terms of overall national impact. However, this type of ITS is attractive because individuals receive these benefits more directly 9
1 ITS Technical Note 3 Key Factors for Leapfrogging to the New Infrastructure Developing countries are often at a disadvantage, relative to developed countries, in constructing the basic infrastructure that provides the foundation for building their economies and societies. This is largely due to the limited financial, technical, and engineering resources that developing countries have available. However, developing countries also have some advantages relative to developed countries, particularly when the infrastructure to be constructed has high IT content. Developing countries, more often than developed countries, are able to install electronic infrastructure at the same time that physical infrastructure is being constructed. This is far less expensive than retrofitting existing physical infrastructure. Developing countries are also not generally burdened with an outdated in-place IT infrastructure that has to be updated. Developing countries benefit from the continuing rapid decrease in the cost of IT. Building a new IT infrastructure from scratch is often less expensive than updating an existing system. Developing countries can make immediate use of other systems like cellular telephones and the Internet that are spreading rapidly in parallel. Finally, developing countries can take advantage of IT and ITS products and applications which have already been tested and deployed in developed countries and which are now mature, stable, well understood, and starting to become less expensive to acquire and operate. As a result, developing countries can frequently leapfrog directly to an ITS-enabled transportation infrastructure far more rapidly and far less expensively than developed countries (figure 1). There are many good reasons for moving aggressively toward this “smart” infrastructure (discussed in Section 3.1), but also many prerequisites that must be met to make this successful (discussed in Section 3.2). This section also discusses Innovative Approaches that developing countries can use to pursue ITS deployment (see Section 3.3 and also ITS Technical Note 3). 3.1 Additional Incentives Section 2 discussed the wide range of transportation-related benefits that ITS can provide, including broad social and economic benefits (ITS providing society-wide benefits) and immediate benefits to the operators and users of the transportation system (ITS enhancing reliability and business efficiency). In addition, there are social and economic benefits that result from the introduction of ITS that are not specifically transportation related. These are the benefits that come from any general improvement in the technological and economic base of a country. They include: •Moving toward a Knowledge Economy •Fostering the IT industry •Assisting regional integration •Greater dissemination of IT Knowledge Economy A knowledge economy is an economy that places importance on the role of knowledge as an important production factor along with labor and capital. Technical innovation and economic development have traditionally placed primary emphasis on the role of capital. In recent years, however, economic development and smooth market operations have Ratio of applied IT Full integration of physical infrastructure and infomation technology Potential Path of Developing Countries enabled by: •Affordable ITS •ITS Enhancing Reliability and Business Efficiency •Step-by-Step Approach •Public-Private Partnership Traditional Path of Developed Countries Amount of Conventional Infrastructure Figure 1 Leapfrogging with ITS 10
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ITS for Developing Countries ITS for Developing Countries - TTS Italia

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