01 NRDC Dyslexia 1-88 update - Texthelp

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Research Report
mastery of reading up to the level of population norms under the condition of adequate
education and a normal developmental environment (page 94).
Stein, J. (2001). The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia, 7, 12–36.
Low literacy is termed ‘developmental dyslexia’ when reading is significantly behind that
expected from the intelligence quotient (IQ) in the presence of other symptoms—
incoordination, left-right confusions, poor sequencing—that characterise it as a
neurological syndrome (page 12).
Gilger, J. W. (2001). ‘Current issues in the neurology and genetics of learning-related traits and
disorders’. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34(6), 490–491.
People with reading disability ‘do not have clear and unitary neurological, physical, or
psychiatric problems that would explain their inability to acquire literacy skills’ (pages
490–491).
Snowling, M. J. (2000). Dyslexia: a cognitive developmental perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford: Basil
Blackwell.
Dyslexia is a specific form of language impairment that affects the way in which the
brain encodes the phonological features of spoken words. The core deficit is in
phonological processing and stems from poorly specified phonological representations.
Dyslexia specifically affects the development of reading and spelling skills but its effects
can be modified through development leading to a variety of behavioural manifestations
… the impairment in dyslexia does not affect reading directly but affects the development
of the spoken language substrate that is critical for learning to read … it has its origins
in early spoken language skills … (pages 213–214).
Snowling, M., Bishop, D. V. M. and Stothard, S. E. (2000). ‘Is preschool language impairment a
risk factor for dyslexia in adolescence?’ Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(5),
587–600.
For simplicity, we use the term ‘developmental dyslexia’ to designate unexpected
difficulties in learning to read … We regard this as a synonym for ‘specific reading
retardation’ (page 587).
Raskind, W. H., Hsu, L., Berninger, V. W., Thomson, J. B. and Wijsman, E. M. (2000). ‘Familial
aggregation of dyslexia phenotypes’. Behavior Genetics, 30(5), 385–396.
Dyslexia is a specific reading disability in which affected individuals have unexpected
difficulty in learning how to read and spell words (page 385).
Aaron, P. G., Joshi, M. and Williams, K. A. (1999). ‘Not all reading disabilities are alike’. Journal
of Learning Disabilities, 32(2), 120–137.
Reading disability, in the present context, is not used as a synonym for dyslexia or
specific reading disability but does include dyslexia as one of its several possible
manifestations. Also implied in this definition is the belief that certain varieties of
reading disability are caused by etiological factors that are cognitively distinct from each