Water security and peace: a synthesis of studies ... - unesdoc - Unesco

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CONTENTS List of Acronyms x Prologue 1 1. Water Security and Peace 3 1.1. Competition for Water 3 1.2. From Potential for Conflict to Cooperation Potential (PCCP) and Water for Peace 3 1.2.1. Background 3 1.2.2. Some Comments on Terminology 4 1.2.3. Outline of this Report 4 1.2.4. This Report 5 2. A History of Humanity and Water 8 2.1. Water Wars and Water Peace: Hegemonic Concepts in Water Discourse 8 2.1.1. Translating Ideas into “Common Sense” 8 2.1.2. Hegemonic Concepts of Water 8 2.1.3. Water War vs. Water Peace: A War of Position 8 2.2. An Anthropology of Water Management and Civilization 9 2.2.1. Foragers in Nature 10 2.2.2. Agriculture: Overcoming Climatic Variability 10 2.2.3. Early State Societies: The Benefits of Cooperation 11 2.2.4. Early States: Managing Inequality 12 2.2.5. The Clash of Empires: The Thirst for Water 12 2.2.6. Greeks and Romans: Globalizing Water Technology 13 2.2.7. The City-Water Arteries for Urban Life 13 2.2.8. The Moslems: Waterworks and Water Courts 14 2.2.9. The Rise of the West: Industry and Water 14 2.3. Water Resources Management in the Postmodern World 15 2.3.1. What Has Not Changed? 15 2.3.2. What Has Changed? 15 2.3.3. A Lesson from History 16 3. Ethics: the Ideal and Only Long-Term Solution 17 3.1. What are Ethics? 17 3.2. Ethics and Social Performance 18 3.3. International Trends 18 3.4. Creating Incentives for Change 20 3.5. Partnerships for Peace 20 4. Legal Approaches: A Sound Framework 22 4.1. International Law in Conflict Prevention and Resolution 22 4.2. International Law: What it is and How it Works 22 4.2.1. International Law: Definition 22 4.2.2. Sources of International Law 23 4.2.3. International Treaties 24 4.2.4. 1997 UN International Watercourses Convention 24 4.2.5 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki 1 Convention) 25 4.2.6 Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) 27 4.3. International Water Law 27 4.3.1. What is It? 27 4.3.2. Principal Sources 28
4.3.3. The Obligation to Cooperate and its Procedural Applications 30 4.4. Alternative Dispute Resolution Approaches and their Application 31 4.4.1. Prior Recourse 31 4.4.2. Negotiations 33 4.4.3. Good Offices and Mediation 34 4.4.4. Mediation 34 4.4.5. Fact-Finding 34 4.4.6. Conciliation 36 4.4.7. Skills Required for Successful Mediation and Conciliation 36 4.4.8. Institutional Mechanisms 36 4.4.9. Arbitration 36 4.4.10. Permanent Court of Arbitration 37 4.4.11. Adjudication 37 4.5. New Approach: Compliance Verification Mechanisms 37 4.6. Protection of Water Facilities under International Law 38 4.6.1. Existing International Law 38 4.6.2. Weaknesses in the Existing Law 39 4.6.3. Measures to Correct the Weaknesses 40 5. Trends: Emerging Issues and Opportunities for Cooperation 41 5.1. Focus on Good Governance 41 5.2. Changing Social Values 42 5.3. New Technologies for Negotiation and Management 42 5.4. The Geopolitics of Desalination 43 5.5. Globalization: Private Capital, WTO, and Circumvented Ethics 43 5.6. Turning Political Commitments into Action 44 5.7. The Changing Sources of Water and the Changing Nature of Conflict 45 6. Emerging Trends: Public Participation and the role of Civil Society 46 6.1. Citizen Participation Should Not be Overlooked 46 6.2. Examples of Stakeholder and Civil Society Involvement in Water Security 47 6.2.1. International NGOs and Networks Promoting Sustainable, Cooperative Water Management 47 6.2.2. NGOs Linking Water to Other Security and Development Issues 49 6.2.3. National and Local NGOs as Mediators 50 6.2.4. National and Regional Civil Society Networks and Capacity Building 51 6.2.5. Community Empowerment in Response to Conflicts 52 6.2.6. Awareness-Raising Initiatives 52 6.2.7 Legal Context 53 6.3. Lessons Learned 54 7. Obstacles to Cooperation 56 7.1. Sources of Conflict 56 7.2. Obstacles to Cooperation 56 7.3. Complex Issues Require More Time and Attention 57 8. Indicators of Potential for Cooperation 59 8.1 Why Indicators? 59 8.1.1. International Conflict Indicators 59 8.1.2. Weaknesses of Past Approaches 59 8.1.3. Conditions Favorable to Adoption of Bilateral Water Treaties 59
Page 3 and 4: WATER SECURITY AND PEACE A synthesi
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This report is a con
Page 7: Jerome Delli Priscolli, Participati
Page 11 and 12: 11.5.2.3. Integration of Fuzzy Anal
Page 13 and 14: PROLOGUE The UNESCO-Green Cross Ini
Page 15 and 16: 1. WATER SECURITY AND PEACE 1.1. Co
Page 17 and 18: 1.2.3. Outline of this Report The p
Page 19 and 20: changes (social and economic order)
Page 21 and 22: 2. A HISTORY OF HUMANITY AND WATER
Page 23 and 24: 2.2. An Anthropology of Water Manag
Page 25 and 26: eventually faced with periodic wate
Page 27 and 28: The Romans, who in essence capitali
Page 29 and 30: Poor countries are now facing the d
Page 31 and 32: 3. ETHICS: THE IDEAL AND ONLY LONG-
Page 33 and 34: Box 3.1. Principles Adopted at the
Page 35 and 36: professional team is imbued with em
Page 37 and 38: 4. LEGAL APPROACHES: A SOUND FRAMEW
Page 39 and 40: Over the last fifty years many cust
Page 41 and 42: existing and potential uses, conser
Page 43 and 44: 4.2.6. Convention on Environmental
Page 45 and 46: ejoins the main stem of the river f
Page 47 and 48: The obligation to give notice in em
Page 49 and 50: seek what is called the win-win sol
Page 51 and 52: disagreements on the future of the
Page 53 and 54: Canada-US International Joint Commi
Page 55 and 56: Recent advances in international en
Page 57 and 58: effective international criminal co
Page 59 and 60:
A number of issues will arise as th
Page 61 and 62:
elevations, and third, there are no
Page 63 and 64:
2. This section is drawn from the P
Page 65 and 66:
acceptance of the logic of public p
Page 67 and 68:
egulators of water quality and quan
Page 69 and 70:
about through government invitation
Page 71 and 72:
Sinhala schools, as well as local a
Page 73 and 74:
at both the locations where the dam
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7. OBSTACLES TO COOPERATION 7.1. So
Page 77 and 78:
new ways of thinking, and additiona
Page 79 and 80:
externalities. It accepts too that
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there were only twenty-one (eightee
Page 83 and 84:
years or, more commonly, decades to
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Ganges-Brahmaputra, Han, Incomati,
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9. WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED FROM RECENT
Page 89 and 90:
infrastructure. A Joint River Commi
Page 91 and 92:
this with the widespread belief tha
Page 93 and 94:
two of the three “vital” planet
Page 95 and 96:
issues. Comprehensive and coherent
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10.4.3. The Role of the Private Sec
Page 99 and 100:
10.5. The Role of International Age
Page 101 and 102:
The stage is set for even greater b
Page 103 and 104:
Management systems should incorpora
Page 105 and 106:
11.3.2. Impartial Sources of Suppor
Page 107 and 108:
esources systems and their operatio
Page 109 and 110:
traditional centralized database mo
Page 111 and 112:
Various social actors deploy strate
Page 113 and 114:
However, reliance on one or a few o
Page 115 and 116:
3) a class discussion or debriefing
Page 117 and 118:
5. Based on the concepts of The Uni
Page 119 and 120:
interdependence and integrated mana
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