Designing an Anaphora Resolution Algorithm for Route Instructions

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12) Boots (Museum) – Queens Pub … u14\_GA\_CL\_3.wav instead of following the road straight on [2] take the second right [3]\\ u14\_GA\_CL\_4.wav it will feel like you re going only about thirty degrees to the right [4] 1. update DM … 2. Selectional Restriction: (3) Argument of Verb Æ type constraint: EVENTUALITY (*I) 3. properties of anaphor: X(sg., EVENTUALITY, [],[],4.1) 4. Pronominal Anaphora Rule: (2) Anaphor is *I 5. construct A-List:{take the second right}Æ ‘it’ = take the second right Again, if the A-List is empty, the anaphor is classified as vague and no antecedent is specified. Finally, if it is unclear whether the anaphor refers to an individual or to an abstract object (eventuality), it is marked as ambiguous. Then, the type of the anaphor is important because, due to the preference that demonstrative pronouns more often refer to abstract objects, while personal pronouns more frequently refer to individual entities, demonstrative-anaphors are resolved to the element in the constructed A- List. Personal pronoun-anaphors are resolved to the first element in the created S- List. The next examples from the data illustrate how the third and forth Pronominal Anaphora Rule are successfully employed. 12) Example of the 3. Pronominal Anaphora Rule … u7\_GC\_CP\_7.wav carry along until you find the car park [5] and turn right into it [6] 1. update DM: destination=car_park(sg., PLACE) … car_park1(sg. PLACE, [], [], 5.1)=destination 2. Selectional Restriction: (6) Object of Spatial PP Æ type constraint: THING Æ ambiguous 3. properties of anaphor: X(sg., THING, [], [], 6.1) 4. no Final-Sentence-Rule Æ destination is mentioned recently 5. Pronominal Anaphora Rule: (3) Pronoun is ambiguous 6. construct S-List:{car_park1}Æ resolve ‘it’ = car_park1 13) Example of the 4. Pronominal Anaphora Rule u2\_GC\_MY\_1.wav go straight on here u2\_GC\_MY\_2.wav past three roads on your left hand side [1]\\ u2\_GC\_MY\_3.wav and the library is on the left hand side after that [2] 42
1. update DM … 2. Selectional Restriction: (10) ‘after’ Æ ambiguous (unclear whether conjunction (without complete clause) or preposition ) 3. properties of anaphor: X(sg., ?, [], [], 2.2) 4. Pronominal Resolution Rule: (4) DEM is ambiguous 5. construct A-List:{go straight on here past three roads on your left hand side} 6. non-empty A-List Æ resolve ‘that’ = go straight on here past three roads on your left hand side The last type of resolution rules are the This-NP-Anaphora Rules which deal with the phenomenon where ‘This-NP’-anaphors seem to refer to less salient entities in the discourse model. This means that these anaphors either refer to entities mentioned earlier in the discourse or that they refer to entities not explicitly mentioned in the discourse. However, these entities are implicitly introduced into the discourse model by certain activities like TURN-actions or by certain nouns, the so called complexand element-entities. To handle TURN-actions, it is assumed that elliptic constructions like “take the second left” introduce a new discourse entity into the discourse model which stands for the implicit path-entity referred to by the expression ‘the second left’. The elliptic expressions are usually combined with the verb ‘take’ which describes a change of orientation in the route instruction. The other TURN-verb ‘turn’ also introduces a new discourse path-entity into the discourse model. Even though the event described by the verb ‘turn’ needs no explicit pathargument, the concept of ‘turning left or right’ involves a path-entity – the path onto which the agent turns. ‘This-NP’-anaphors frequently refer to the implicitly introduced path-entity, so that these entities are explicitly introduced into the discourse model by the anaphoric reference like in the following examples. 14) Example of Turn-Action u5\_GC\_EX\_2.wav er if you turn right just before derry s [1]\\ u5\_GC\_EX\_3.wav and then continue down that road [2]\\ 1. update DM: … derrys1(sg., SHOP_BUILDING, [], [], 1.1) you turn right just before derrys Æ TURN-Action: create implicit path-entity path1(sg., PATH, [in(right_region)], [], 1.2) 43
Page 1 and 2: Designing an Anaphora Resolution Al
Page 3 and 4: demonstrative pronouns and 86% of
Page 5 and 6: 1. Introduction The aim of the proj
Page 7 and 8: 2. Background and Related Work As t
Page 9 and 10: concept in the discourse, so they a
Page 11 and 12: discourse while abstract entities a
Page 13 and 14: entities ‘in focus’ while demon
Page 15 and 16: Synchronising units are used to ind
Page 17 and 18: leads to the insertion of a new ent
Page 19 and 20: The discourse model of the PHORA-al
Page 21 and 22: According to Poesio & Modjeska (200
Page 23 and 24: 3. RIAR- and SR-Algorithms In this
Page 25 and 26: Discourse Model at unit(1): origin=
Page 27 and 28: Prepositional phrases like ‘to th
Page 29 and 30: position is the number of the updat
Page 31 and 32: If, as in the example above ‘the
Page 33 and 34: abstract object (eventuality). Thus
Page 35 and 36: unit as the anaphor and introduced
Page 37 and 38: incompatible, which means that it r
Page 39 and 40: mentioned in the first sentence, it
Page 41: S-List. If the anaphor refers to an
Page 45 and 46: RIAR-algorithm creates a new S-List
Page 47 and 48: which preposition is inserted into
Page 49 and 50: 4. Evaluation and Discussion In thi
Page 51 and 52: 4.2 Evaluation of the RIAR- and SR-
Page 53 and 54: 2). Personal pronouns are problemat
Page 55 and 56: difficult since I could not find an
Page 57 and 58: 5. Conclusions and Further Work In
Page 59 and 60: Byron’s algorithm handles this pr
Page 61 and 62: eferents. The IBL-ontology shows wh
Page 63 and 64: This-NP-Anaphor: 9 Correct Incorrec
Page 65 and 66: Bibliography Bugmann, G.; Stanislao
Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX 2 SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS
Page 69 and 70: - follow on (IV) Æ sub(human_perso
Page 71 and 72: - up (both) Æ obj(path) - go up th
Page 73 and 74: pizza_hut, tesco) - bottom Æ hyper
Page 75 and 76: - street Æ hyper(path), related(ro
Page 77 and 78: Update Discourse Model For each uni
Page 79 and 80: Actions: construct A-List at unit(U
Page 81 and 82: - the museum is on the left / turn
Page 83 and 84: position: behind the roundaboutinco
Page 85 and 86: turn right Æ TURN-Action: create i
Page 87 and 88: path1(sg., PATH, [in(left_region)],
Page 89 and 90: 2. Selectional Restrictions: (7) Sp
Page 91 and 92: 3. properties of anaphor: X(sg., TR
Page 93 and 94:
3. properties of anaphor: X(sg., PA
Page 95 and 96:
destination not in final sentence b
Page 97 and 98:
6. construct S-List:{Plymouth_unive
Page 99 and 100:
3. a) From my flat to Waverly Stati
Page 101:
Personal Pronoun: 21 Correct Incorr
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Designing an Anaphora Resolution Algorithm for Route Instructions

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