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References Alien species in Norway – with the Norwegian Black List 2012 environmental change. – American Scientist 84: 468-478. Ware, C., Bergstrom, D.M., Müller, E. & Alsos, I.G. 2011. Humans introduce viable seeds to the Arctic on footwear. − Biological Invasions [early web site version]. Wauters, L.A. & Gurnell, J. 1999. The mechanism of replacement of red by grey squirrels: A test of the interference competition hypothesis. – Ethology 105: 1051-1071. Weidema, I. 2006. Arion lusitanicus. NOBANIS Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet. – From: Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. NOBANIS (http://www. nobanis.org/) White, E.M., Wilson, J.C. & Clarke, A.R. 2006. Biotic indirect effects: a neglected concept in invasion biology. – Diversity and Distributions 12: 443-455. Whitney, K.D. & Gabler, C.A. 2008. Rapid evolution in introduced species, “invasive traits” and recipient communities: challenges for predicting invasive potential. – Diversity and Distributions 14: 569-580. WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcus 1996. Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. – Bulletin of World Health Organ 74: 231- 42. Williamson, M. 1996. Biological invasions. – Chapman & Hall, London. Willis, K.J. & Birks H.J.B. 2006. What is natural? The need for a long-term perspective in biodiversity conservation. – Science 314(5803): 1261-1265. Ødegaard, F. 1999. Invasive beetle species (Coleoptera) associated with compost heaps in the Nordic countries. – Norwegian Journal of Entomology 46: 67-78. Ødegaard, F. & Tømmerås, B.Å. 2000. Compost heaps – refuges and stepping-stones for alien arthropod species in northern Europe. – Diversity and Distributions 6: 45-59. Økland, B. 2000. Insekter og tømmerimport. – P. 16 in Horntvedt, R. (ed.). Seminar om naturlig spredning av utenlandske treslag og introduksjon av skadegjørere ved tømmerimport. – Skogforsk Oppdragsrapport 21. Økland, B. (ed.) 2002. Insekter, sopp og karplanter innført til Norge ved tømmerimport fra Russland og Baltikum. – Aktuelt fra Skogforsk 2/02. Økland, B., Skarpaas, O., Kausrud, K., Stenseth, N.C. & Erbilgin, N. 2007. Spatiotemporal dynamics of introduced bark beetles. – P. 89-93 in Evans, H. & Oszako, T. (eds.). Alien invasive species and international trade. Forest Research Institute, Warsawa. Øyen, B.H., Andersen, H.L., Myking, T., Nygaard, P.H. & Stabbetorp, O.E. 2009. En vurdering av økologisk risiko ved bruk av introduserte bartreslag i Norge. Erfaringer ved bruk av kriteriesettet for Norsk svarteliste 2007. – Forskning fra Skog og landskap-1/09. 150
Species index Abies..................................................87 Abies alba..................................98, 168 Abies balsamea.........................106, 168 Abies concolor...........................101, 168 Abies grandis............................101, 168 Abies koreana...........................106, 168 Abies lasiocarpa........................106, 168 Abies mariesii...........................116, 168 Abies nordmanniana.........................191 Abies procera............................106, 168 Abies sibirica............................101, 168 Abramis brama.................................145 Abutilon theophrasti.........................191 Acalypha brachystachya.....................209 Acanthoscelides obtectus.....................190 Acanthoxanthium spinosum..............192 Acartia tonsa..............................98, 181 Acer ..................................................87 Acer barbinerve................................192 Acer campestre..........................106, 168 Acer ginnala.............................101, 168 Acer japonicum................................192 Acer mono........................................192 Acer monspessulanum........................192 Acer negundo............................106, 168 Acer pseudoplatanus...............36, 38, 39, 87, 89, 95, 143, 144, 168 Acer saccharinum..............................192 Acer saccharum.........................129, 187 Acer sieboldianum............................192 Acer sp. ...........................................192 Acer tataricum..........................106, 168 Acheta domestica......................101, 182 Achillea filipendulina........................192 Achillea millefolium............18, 126, 185 Achillea nobilis...........................95, 168 Achillea ptarmica.....................207, 209 Achillea tomentosa............................192 Acinos alpinus..................................192 Aconitum lycoctonum lasiostomum....192 Aconitum napellus....................101, 168 Aconitum ×stoerkianum............101, 168 Aconogonon alpinum................106, 168 Aconogonon divaricatum...........101, 168 Aconogonon ×fennicum.............101, 168 Aconogonon weyrichii...............106, 168 Acorus calamus.................................209 Acrotona parens........................106, 166 Acrotona pseudotenera...............106, 166 Acrotrichis cognata....................101, 166 Acrotrichis henrici.....................106, 166 Acrotrichis insularis..................101, 166 Acrotrichis sanctaehelenae..........127, 186 Actaea rubra....................................192 Actinidia arguta...............................192 Actinidia chinensis............................192 Actinidia deliciosa......................37, 192 Actinidia kolomikta..........................192 Adenophora coronopifolia..................192 Adistemia watsoni....................106, 166 Adonis annua...................................192 Aedes albopictus..................94, 127, 188 Aegilops cylindrica............................192 Aegopodium podagraria..............17, 209 Aerococcus viridans.............................49 Aesculus ×carnea..............................192 Aesculus hippocastanum............101, 168 Aethusa cynapium.....................101, 168 Agardhiella subulata.................129, 186 Agaricus bisporus......................106, 182 Agaricus bitorquis...............70, 106, 182 Agaricus moelleri......................106, 182 Agaricus phaeolepidotus.....................209 Agaricus subperonatus.................98, 182 Agaricus xanthodermus ......70, 106, 182 Agastache rugosa...............................192 Agastache urticifolia..........................192 Agave americana................................46 Ageratum houstonianum...................192 Aglaothamnion halliae..............106, 166 Agrilus anxius...........................127, 186 Agrilus planipennis...................127, 186 Agrocybe cylindrica...................116, 183 Agrocybe rivulosa......................129, 188 Agrocybe tabacina.....................116, 183 Agropyron cristatum..........................192 Agrostemma githago..................207, 209 Agrostemma gracile...........................192 Agrostis capillaris........................52, 207 Agrostis scabra..................................192 Ahasverus advena.....................106, 166 Ailanthus altissima...........................192 Aix galericulata........................106, 168 Aix sponsa................................106, 168 Ajuga genevensis.......................116, 168 Albatrellus syringae...................106, 183 Branta canadensis Photo: Per Jordhøy 151
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Alien species in Norway -with the N
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Editors Project management Groups o
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Preface Alien species in Norway - w
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Contents Alien species in Norway -
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Summary Alien species in Norway - w
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Introduction Alien species in Norwa
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Alien species: introduction, establ
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Methods and set of criteria Alien s
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The work of the expert groups Alien
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Results Alien species in Norway - w
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Appendix 3 Alien species in Norway
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