entire issue - The Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners
entire issue - The Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners
entire issue - The Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERS<br />
quantitative research<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We wish to acknowledge<br />
Dr Lianne Parkin, and<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Phillip Hill for<br />
peer review comments,<br />
and Shiva Nair (medical<br />
student) who was<br />
involved in the initial<br />
aspects <strong>of</strong> the research.<br />
FUNDING<br />
This study was supported<br />
by funds from the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Health, Dunedin Office.<br />
COMPETING INTERESTS<br />
None declared.<br />
vascular diseases, diabetes, gout, skin infections<br />
and their associated complications—were all<br />
considerably more common discharge diagnoses<br />
compared with the total population in this<br />
analysis. <strong>The</strong>se disorders are already the focus <strong>of</strong><br />
attention, and it is important for primary health<br />
care pr<strong>of</strong>essionals to continue working collaboratively<br />
with Pacific communities to improve<br />
health in these areas.<br />
Other causes <strong>of</strong> excess morbidity in Pacific peoples<br />
are less widely known, or are identified here<br />
for the first time. <strong>The</strong>se are cardiomyopathy, SLE,<br />
hyperemesis gravidarum, gastric ulcer, candidiasis<br />
and pterygium. <strong>The</strong> clinical implications<br />
are that improved knowledge amongst general<br />
practitioners <strong>of</strong> the excess risk <strong>of</strong> these conditions<br />
in Pacific peoples will lead to earlier diagnosis,<br />
treatment and improved outcomes. Further research<br />
is required to establish the cause <strong>of</strong> excess<br />
hyperemesis gravidarum in the Pacific population<br />
and the potential for treatment.<br />
Although a main focus on the broader socioeconomic<br />
determinants <strong>of</strong> health is appropriate in<br />
order to improve the health <strong>of</strong> Pacific peoples, it<br />
is important also to attend to specific causes <strong>of</strong><br />
morbidity where effective interventions are available,<br />
and where further research may identify<br />
preventive or curative interventions.<br />
References<br />
1. Statistics <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>. Pacific Peoples. Census 2006. Available<br />
from http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data.<br />
2. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health and Pacific Islands Affairs. Tupu Ola Moui.<br />
Pacific Health Chart Book. Wellington; 2004.<br />
3. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health. Our health, our future—Hauora Pakari,<br />
Koiora Roa: the health <strong>of</strong> <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>ers. Wellington; 1999.<br />
4. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health. Portrait <strong>of</strong> health. Key results <strong>of</strong> the<br />
2002/2003 <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong> Health Survey. Wellington; 2004.<br />
5. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health. Tracking disparity. Trends in ethnic and<br />
socioeconomic inequalities immortality, 1981–2004. Wellington;<br />
2007.<br />
6. Rothman KJ, Boice JD, Jr. Epidemiologic analysis with a programmable<br />
calculator (NIH Publication). Washington DC: US<br />
Government Printing; 1979.<br />
7. Callister P, Didham R, Pooter D, Blakely T. Measuring ethnicity<br />
in <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>: developing tools for health outcomes analysis.<br />
Ethnicity and Health. 2007;12(4):299–320.<br />
8. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Health. Monitoring ethnic inequalities in health.<br />
Wellington; 2001.<br />
9. Twiss J, Metclafe R, Edwards E, Byrnes C. <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong><br />
national incidence <strong>of</strong> brochiectasis ‘too high’ for a developed<br />
country. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:737–40.<br />
10. Grant CC, Scragg D, Tan D, et al. Hospitalisation for pneumonia<br />
in children in Auckland, <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>. J Paediatr Child<br />
Health. 1998;34:355–9.<br />
11. Sundborn G, Metcalf P, Scragg R et al. Ethnic differences<br />
in the prevalence <strong>of</strong> new and known diabetes, impaired<br />
glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes<br />
Heart and Health Survey (DHAH), 2002–2003. Auckland,<br />
<strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>. NZ Med J. 29 June 2007;120(1257). Available<br />
from: http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/120-1257/2607/<br />
content.pdf.<br />
12. Simmonds HA, McBride MB, Hatfield PJ, et al. Polynesian<br />
women are also at risk for hyperuricaemia and gout because<br />
<strong>of</strong> a genetic defect in renal urate handling. Br J Rheumatol.<br />
1994;33:932–7.<br />
13. Gibson T, Waterworth R, Hatfield P, et al. Hyperuricaemia,<br />
gout and kidney function in <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong> Maori men. Br J<br />
Rheumatol. 1984;23:276–82.<br />
14. Scobie BA, Beg F, Oldmeadows M. Peptic diseases compared<br />
endoscopically in indigenous Fijians and Indians. NZ Med J.<br />
1987;100:683–4.<br />
15. Sung J, Russell RI, Nyeomans, et al. Non steroidal antiinflammatory<br />
drug toxicity in the upper gastrointestinal tract.<br />
J Gateroenterol Hepatol. 2000; 15 Suppl: G 58–68.<br />
16. Kanto I, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH. A<br />
prospective study <strong>of</strong> gastric and duodenal ulcer and its<br />
relation to smoking, alcohol, and diet. Am J Epidemiol.<br />
1992;135:521–30.<br />
17. Fraser AG, Scragg R, Metclaff P, et al. Prevalence <strong>of</strong> Helicobacter<br />
pylori in different ethnic groups in <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong><br />
children and adults. Aust NZ J Med. 1996;26:646–51.<br />
18. Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson<br />
J, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison’s principles <strong>of</strong> internal medicine.<br />
<strong>New</strong> York: McGraw-Hill, Health Pr<strong>of</strong>essions Division;<br />
c1991[1990 printing]. ISBN : 0070708908 (1-vol.ed).<br />
19. Neutze JM, Clarkson PM. Rheumatic fever an unsolved<br />
problem in <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>. NZ Med J. 1984;97:591–3.<br />
20. Jordan V, MacDonald J, Crichton S, et al. <strong>The</strong> incidence <strong>of</strong><br />
hyperemesis gravidarum is increased among Pacific Islanders<br />
living in Wellington. NZ Med J. 1995;108:342–4.<br />
21. Browning J, North R, Hayward P, et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum<br />
: a particular problem for Pacific Islanders. NZ Med J.<br />
1991;104:480.<br />
22. Quinla JD. Hill DA. Nausea and vomiting <strong>of</strong> pregnancy. Am<br />
Fam Physician. 2003;68:121–8.<br />
23. Verberg MF, Gillott DJ, Al-Fardan N, Grudzinskas GJ. Hyperemesis<br />
gravidarum, a literature review. Hum Reprod Update.<br />
2005;11:527–39.<br />
24. Heald AH, O’Halloran DJ, Richards K, et al. Fungal infection<br />
<strong>of</strong> the diabetic foot: two distinct syndromes. Diabet Med.<br />
2001;18:567–72.<br />
25. Siegel M, Lee SL. <strong>The</strong> epidemiology <strong>of</strong> systemic lupus erythematosus.<br />
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1973;3:1–54.<br />
26. Segasothy M, Phillips PA. Systemic lupus erythematosus in<br />
Aborigines and Caucasians in central Australia: a comparative<br />
study. Lupus. 2001;10:439–44.<br />
27. Morton RO, Gershwin ME, Brady C, Steinberg AD. <strong>The</strong> incidence<br />
<strong>of</strong> systemic lupus erythematosus in North American<br />
Indians. J Rheumatol. 1976;3:186–90.<br />
28. Wilson WA, Hughes GRV. Rheumatic disease in Jamaica. Ann<br />
Rheum Dis. 1979;38:320–5.<br />
29. Frank AO. Apparent predisposition to systemic lupus<br />
erythematosus in Chinese patients in West Malaysia. Ann<br />
Rheum Dis. 1980;39:266–9.<br />
30. Hart HH, Grigor RR, Caughey DE. Ethnic differences in the<br />
prevalence <strong>of</strong> systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum<br />
Dis. 1983;42:529–32.<br />
31. Saw SM, Tan D. Pterygium: prevalence, demography, and<br />
risk factors. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1999;6:219–28.<br />
32. Threlfall TJ, English DR. Sun exposure and pterygium<br />
<strong>of</strong> the eye: a dose response curve. Am J Opthalmol.<br />
1999;128:280–7.<br />
110 VOLUME 2 • NUMBER 2 • JUNE 2010 J OURNAL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE