Transhumance â A Tool of Species Conservation in ... - Cultura21
Transhumance â A Tool of Species Conservation in ... - Cultura21
Transhumance â A Tool of Species Conservation in ... - Cultura21
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<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
–<br />
A <strong>Tool</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Species</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> Times <strong>of</strong> Climatic Change<br />
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Hubertus B. Beckmann<br />
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Consult
Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Introduction<br />
<strong>Species</strong>-Habitat<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Sheep-<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Natura 2000<br />
<strong>Species</strong> Selection<br />
Nature Parks<br />
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Ongo<strong>in</strong>g Ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
Green Corridors<br />
Climatic Change<br />
Solution<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Eco-Herdsman<br />
Transhumant Network<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong><br />
Problems<br />
Summary<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong> through Green Corridors<br />
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Introduction<br />
Introduction<br />
<strong>Species</strong>-Habitat<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Sheep-<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Sheep-<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Natura 2000<br />
<strong>Species</strong> Selection<br />
Nature Parks<br />
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Ongo<strong>in</strong>g Ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
Green Corridors<br />
Climatic Change<br />
Solution<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Eco-Herdsman<br />
Transhumant Network<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong><br />
Problems<br />
Resumen<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong> through Green Corridors<br />
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<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
is the practice <strong>of</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g livestock between<br />
different rangelands accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
the seasonally vary<strong>in</strong>g availability <strong>of</strong> forage<br />
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tends to optimize the pastural use <strong>of</strong> two<br />
complementary rangeland sites<br />
<strong>in</strong> the past has been a widespread form <strong>of</strong><br />
animal husbandry throughout all <strong>of</strong> Europe
Sheep <strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
sheep<br />
have an extremely high potential <strong>of</strong> zoochory:<br />
serve as the best long-distance dispersal<br />
<strong>of</strong> a considerable quantity <strong>of</strong> seeds<br />
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are graz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> different rangelands<br />
thus these plant communities are connected<br />
are distribut<strong>in</strong>g plant seeds on<br />
different ecosystems and their habitats<br />
has converted Spa<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> a place <strong>of</strong> highest herbage<br />
species diversity (3.000 years <strong>of</strong> transhumant history)<br />
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<strong>Species</strong>-Habitat<br />
Introduction<br />
<strong>Species</strong>-Habitat<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Sheep-<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
<strong>Species</strong> Selection<br />
Natura 2000<br />
<strong>Species</strong> Selection<br />
Nature Parks<br />
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Ongo<strong>in</strong>g Ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
Green Corridors<br />
Ongo<strong>in</strong>g Ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
Climatic Change<br />
Climatic Change<br />
Solution<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Eco-Herdsman<br />
Transhumant Network<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong><br />
Problems<br />
Resumen<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong> through Green Corridors<br />
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Plant <strong>Species</strong><br />
and Their Habitats<br />
plant species are<br />
specialized to compete under the environmental<br />
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conditions (EC) <strong>of</strong> a certa<strong>in</strong> habitat<br />
habitats are<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guished by certa<strong>in</strong> conditions <strong>of</strong> climate,<br />
exposition, gradient, soil, topography, etc.<br />
modified consequently to changes <strong>of</strong> EC<br />
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<strong>Species</strong> Selection<br />
elvolution depends on selection, while<br />
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certa<strong>in</strong> alleles <strong>of</strong> a greater fitness <strong>in</strong>crease<br />
<strong>in</strong> frequency (directional selection)<br />
environmentally more adapted plant species<br />
become more common<br />
selection fits the plant species to EC<br />
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<strong>Species</strong> Ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
ext<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>of</strong> species can be caused by<br />
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reproduction not f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g the conditions<br />
<strong>of</strong> a favorable habitat<br />
plant species are not fit to EC:<br />
degraded habitats, toxic polution (modern<br />
agriculture), fast changes <strong>of</strong> EC (climate), etc.
Climatic Change<br />
climate gett<strong>in</strong>g more extreme<br />
mean annual temperature rises (up to 6.4°C)<br />
mean precipitation <strong>in</strong>creases <strong>in</strong> the tropes,<br />
and decreases <strong>in</strong> the subtropes<br />
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precipitation <strong>in</strong>tensity <strong>in</strong>creases, as well as the<br />
periods between ra<strong>in</strong>fall events ( droughts)<br />
heat waves will be more <strong>in</strong>tense, more<br />
frequent and longer last<strong>in</strong>g<br />
global warm<strong>in</strong>g: 25% <strong>of</strong> all plants and<br />
animals might become ext<strong>in</strong>ct by 2050<br />
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Concepts <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Species</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong><br />
conservation concepts are <strong>in</strong> need <strong>of</strong><br />
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an uptake <strong>of</strong> fauna and flora<br />
an evaluation <strong>of</strong> uptakes<br />
fit the conditions <strong>of</strong> species existence<br />
create areas <strong>of</strong> botanically favorable EC<br />
and <strong>of</strong> sufficient size
Introduction<br />
<strong>Species</strong>-Habitat<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Sheep-<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Natura 2000<br />
<strong>Species</strong> Selection<br />
Nature Parks<br />
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Ongo<strong>in</strong>g Ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
Green Corridors<br />
Climatic Change<br />
Solution<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Eco-Herdsman<br />
Transhumant Network<br />
Natura 2000<br />
Nature Parks<br />
Green Corridors<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong><br />
Problems<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Problems<br />
Resumen<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong> through Green Corridors<br />
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natura 2000<br />
European Union states are obliged to<br />
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create a concept <strong>of</strong> conservation <strong>of</strong> their<br />
valuable fauna, flora and habitats<br />
setup areas as Nature Parks and<br />
connect them by a network <strong>of</strong> Green Corridors<br />
develop programs <strong>of</strong> habitat- and<br />
species-conservation as well as their<br />
monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
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Nature Parks<br />
Nature Parks excel <strong>in</strong><br />
be<strong>in</strong>g protected from most human<br />
development and pollution<br />
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be<strong>in</strong>g placed <strong>in</strong> largely undeveloped,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten feature areas with exceptional<br />
native animals, plants and ecosystems<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g placed <strong>in</strong> developed areas<br />
with the goal <strong>of</strong> return<strong>in</strong>g the area‘s<br />
native state as closely as posible<br />
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Green Corridors<br />
Green Corridors cope with the task <strong>of</strong><br />
connect<strong>in</strong>g wildlife populations separated by<br />
human activities<br />
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allow<strong>in</strong>g an exchange <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals between<br />
several populations<br />
Ø<br />
lower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>breed<strong>in</strong>gs with<strong>in</strong> each population<br />
Ø<br />
re-establish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> ext<strong>in</strong>ct populations<br />
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Ongo<strong>in</strong>g Problems <strong>in</strong><br />
Conserv<strong>in</strong>g Plant <strong>Species</strong><br />
concepts are endangered by<br />
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sett<strong>in</strong>g undersized Nature Parks<br />
Ø isolated Nature Parks be<strong>in</strong>g surrounded by<br />
an ecologically not susta<strong>in</strong>able economy<br />
small population sizes <strong>in</strong>breed<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
quick changes <strong>of</strong> EC pass<strong>in</strong>g the evolution<br />
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Introduction<br />
Solution<br />
<strong>Species</strong>-Habitat<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Sheep-<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Natura 2000<br />
<strong>Species</strong> Selection<br />
Nature Parks<br />
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Ongo<strong>in</strong>g Ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
Green Corridors<br />
Summary<br />
Climatic Change<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Solution Eco-Herdsman<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
Eco-Herdsman<br />
Transhumant Network<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong> through<br />
Green Corridors<br />
Transhumant Network<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong><br />
Problems<br />
Summary<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong> through Green Corridors<br />
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Transhumant Solution<br />
the migration <strong>of</strong> plant species<br />
only option to escape from ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
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is supported by transhumance while<br />
graz<strong>in</strong>g animals are transport<strong>in</strong>g the seeds<br />
towards more favorable habitats (EC)<br />
and plant communities (sheep epichory !!)<br />
Ø<br />
co-evolutionary adaptation <strong>of</strong> plants to<br />
zoochorical benefits <strong>of</strong> graz<strong>in</strong>g animals<br />
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Herdsmen<br />
the traditionally accomplished herdsman<br />
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is perfect monitor <strong>of</strong> transhumant animal moves<br />
Ø has <strong>in</strong>digenous knowledge <strong>of</strong> ecosystems and<br />
correspond<strong>in</strong>g plant species (e.g., medic<strong>in</strong>al<br />
plants)<br />
features <strong>in</strong>digenous veter<strong>in</strong>ary knowledge<br />
knows the terra<strong>in</strong> like the back <strong>of</strong> his hand
traditional herdsmen teach their knowledge<br />
(technically assisted by an academy-master) ©<br />
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The Eco-Herdsman:<br />
a New Pr<strong>of</strong>ession<br />
herdsman pr<strong>of</strong>ession gets <strong>in</strong>stitutionalized<br />
Ø 50% public paid pr<strong>of</strong>ession (50% traditionally paid)<br />
for conservation and/or formation services<br />
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herdsman‘s areas <strong>of</strong> activity and responsibility<br />
are enlarged: transhumant monitor, <strong>in</strong>spector<br />
<strong>of</strong> an adapted use <strong>of</strong> Nature Parks, guide <strong>of</strong><br />
ecologic and nature excursionists, etc.<br />
academy <strong>of</strong> rural pr<strong>of</strong>ession qualifies herdsmen
Transhumant Network<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
Connect<strong>in</strong>g Nature Parks<br />
Nature Parks‘ botanical and faunistical value is<br />
by-monitored by herdsman<br />
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Green Corridors connect Nature Parks<br />
(pass<strong>in</strong>g borderl<strong>in</strong>es)<br />
<strong>in</strong> times <strong>of</strong> transhumant movements Green<br />
Corridors are exclusively reserved for livestock<br />
<strong>of</strong>fical functionaries help the herdsman<br />
<strong>in</strong> technicalities and <strong>in</strong> formalities<br />
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Transhumant<br />
Animal Movements<br />
map <strong>of</strong> Green Corridors<br />
<strong>in</strong> Germany<br />
most important rangelands <strong>of</strong><br />
Germany:<br />
Ammergebirge BY 28.861 ha<br />
Lüneburger Heide NI 23.473 ha<br />
Allgäuer Hochalpen BY 20.798 ha<br />
Karwendel BY 19.348 ha<br />
Oberlausitzer Heide SN 13.000 ha<br />
Unteres Odertal BB 10.611 ha<br />
Ohre-Dröml<strong>in</strong>g ST 10.365 ha<br />
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Summary<br />
Climatic<br />
Change<br />
threaten<strong>in</strong>g<br />
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<strong>Species</strong><br />
<strong>Species</strong><br />
Ext<strong>in</strong>ction<br />
<strong>Transhumance</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>fer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>Species</strong><br />
Conservati<br />
on<br />
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Thank you,<br />
for your <strong>in</strong>terest!<br />
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