Section A - HTAV

Example
Extract from Richard Pipes, Communism: A History of the Intellectual and
Political Movement, p. 42-3:
Except for retaining their grip on power, the Bolsheviks experienced setbacks in nearly
all of their endeavours. Life turned out to be very different from theory. But they would
not admit they were wrong: whenever things did not turn out as desired, they did not
compromise but instead intensified the violence. To admit to being wrong would
threaten to unravel the whole theoretical foundation of their regime since it claimed to
be scientifically correct in all parts.
Among many of Lenin's disappointments was the emergence of a huge, self-serving and
uncontrollable bureaucracy. According to Marxist doctrine, the state is nothing more
than the servant of the class that owns the means of production; it has no interests of
its own. This belief showed remarkable ignorance of political history since there exists
a great deal of evidence that, from the time of the pharaohs, state officials looked after
themselves...