Sweet Cherry Rootstocks and Varieties - Utahhort.org
Sweet Cherry Rootstocks and Varieties - Utahhort.org
Sweet Cherry Rootstocks and Varieties - Utahhort.org
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<strong>Sweet</strong> <strong>Cherry</strong> <strong>Rootstocks</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Varieties</strong><br />
Lynn E. Long<br />
Oregon State University
Why Grow <strong>Sweet</strong> Cherries?<br />
• Potential monetary opportunities<br />
• New rootstocks allow for<br />
– High early yields<br />
– Quick return on investment<br />
• New varieties<br />
– Reduce risk for rain cracking<br />
– Extend season potentially increasing<br />
returns
Choices<br />
• Rootstock<br />
• <strong>Varieties</strong><br />
• Training System
Presentation Outline<br />
• Living with St<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>Rootstocks</strong><br />
• Gisela Management<br />
– How to work with Gisela <strong>and</strong> other<br />
dwarfing rootstocks<br />
• Exp<strong>and</strong>ing my variety portfolio
Mazzard/Mahaleb*<br />
• Positive Attributes<br />
– Adapted to wide<br />
range of soils – light<br />
to heavy<br />
– Wide varietal<br />
acceptance<br />
– Large fruit*<br />
– Moderately<br />
productive*<br />
• * Traits apply to Mahaleb
Mazzard, Mahaleb<br />
• Negative<br />
Attributes<br />
– vigorous growth<br />
– Very large trees<br />
– Low precocity
Rootstock Realities<br />
• Tree size vs. fruit<br />
size<br />
• Dwarf trees must be<br />
carefully managed<br />
• Mazzard preferred<br />
Bing/<br />
Pontaleb<br />
Lapins/<br />
Edabriz
Living with St<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>Rootstocks</strong>
Main effects for yield <strong>and</strong> average fruit weight of<br />
summer pruned ‘<strong>Sweet</strong>heart’ sweet cherry trees<br />
Treatment<br />
Control<br />
Pre-harvest 1/3<br />
Yield (kg)<br />
12.8<br />
19.2<br />
Av fruit wt. (g)<br />
8.4<br />
8.0<br />
Pre-harvest 2/3<br />
13.3<br />
8.1<br />
Post-harvest 1/3<br />
15.9<br />
7.8<br />
Post-harvest 2/3<br />
11.5<br />
8.3<br />
Post-harvest thin<br />
11.8<br />
8.5<br />
Data by F. Kappel
Promalin response<br />
• Apply at green tip<br />
• 1:3 promalin to<br />
paint<br />
• Increases precocity<br />
• Long branches must<br />
be headed<br />
• Inconsistent results
Interaction between rootstock <strong>and</strong> training<br />
technique for fruit size on fourth leaf Bing trees<br />
Rootstock<br />
Training<br />
Technique<br />
Yield<br />
kg.<br />
20mm<br />
22mm<br />
24mm<br />
26mm<br />
Mazzard<br />
Promalin/<br />
Summer<br />
6.2<br />
3.6<br />
45.6<br />
48.4<br />
2.3<br />
Mazzard<br />
Dormant<br />
Pruned<br />
0.7<br />
8.9<br />
69.0<br />
21.8<br />
0.3<br />
Gisela 5<br />
Promalin/<br />
Summer<br />
12.6<br />
7.2<br />
58.7<br />
32.6<br />
1.5<br />
Gisela 5<br />
Dormant<br />
Pruned<br />
6.2<br />
1.6<br />
31.1<br />
55.2<br />
12.0<br />
Data by T. Facteau
Scoring Techniques<br />
Copper<br />
4 year<br />
wood
Scoring Tools
Effect of scoring tool <strong>and</strong> date on % new shoot<br />
development with ‘Bing’/mazzard trees<br />
Scoring<br />
tool<br />
2 blade<br />
Scoring<br />
date<br />
# limbs<br />
scored<br />
20<br />
Scored<br />
buds/limb<br />
14.9<br />
Scored<br />
buds<br />
broken (%)<br />
59.2<br />
Grape<br />
20<br />
13.4<br />
57.7<br />
Saw<br />
19<br />
14.2<br />
67.9<br />
9/3<br />
dormant<br />
14<br />
12.9<br />
63.6 a<br />
21/3 green<br />
tip<br />
15<br />
13.3<br />
75.6 a<br />
7/4<br />
15<br />
14.7<br />
73.2 a<br />
17/4 leaves<br />
15<br />
15.7<br />
28.9 b
St<strong>and</strong>ard vs. Dwarfing<br />
• Some prefer<br />
Mazzard<br />
• Advantages to dwarf<br />
• 20 years of testing<br />
– Gisela<br />
– Gembloux<br />
– MxM<br />
– Weiroot<br />
– Etc, etc.
Sales of cherry trees on various rootstocks in the<br />
Mid-Columbia region of Oregon, 1998 vs. 2001<br />
Rootstock<br />
Mazzard<br />
Gisela 5<br />
Weiroot 158<br />
Gisela 7<br />
Gisela 6<br />
% trees sold<br />
1998<br />
71<br />
19.2<br />
3.6<br />
3.3<br />
2.9<br />
Estimated %<br />
trees sold 2001<br />
40<br />
10<br />
50
St<strong>and</strong>ard density = 5x6 m Mazzard<br />
High density = 3x5 m Gisela<br />
Comparing the Economic <strong>and</strong> Cash Costs to Establish a<br />
St<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>and</strong> High Density <strong>Sweet</strong> <strong>Cherry</strong> Orchard<br />
in Wasco County, Oregon.<br />
$10,000<br />
$6,000<br />
$2,000<br />
-$2,000<br />
-$6,000<br />
-$10,000<br />
-$14,000<br />
-$18,000<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15<br />
Economic Costs, St<strong>and</strong>ard<br />
Density<br />
Cash Flow, St<strong>and</strong>ard Density<br />
Economic Costs, High Density<br />
Cash Flow, High Density<br />
Economic Costs = planting<br />
costs, labor, fertilizer,<br />
chemicals, harvest costs<br />
Cash Flow = interest costs,<br />
depreciation, return on investments
Criteria for selection<br />
• Fruit size<br />
• Precocity<br />
• Tree size<br />
• Virus tolerant
Gisela 5, 6 <strong>and</strong> 12<br />
• Tested OSU, WSU<br />
• Gisela 5: 50%-70%<br />
• Gi 6 & 12: 70-90%<br />
• Precocious<br />
• Good fruit size<br />
• Wide branch angles<br />
• Virus tolerant<br />
• Site conditions<br />
• Gi 5 – avoid replant<br />
sites
A compilation of fruit size <strong>and</strong> tree yield on 4 th through<br />
6 th leaf Bing trees grown on several rootstocks<br />
Rootstock<br />
6 th leaf<br />
trunk<br />
area<br />
cm 2<br />
Cumulative<br />
yield kg<br />
Gisela management<br />
• Fruit size = leaf to<br />
fruit ratio<br />
• Change mindset<br />
from mazzard<br />
• Gi 6 Recommended<br />
spacing<br />
– 3x6 Central Leader<br />
– 4x6 Steep Leader<br />
– 2.5x6 Spanish Bush
Gisela Management<br />
• Maintain tree vigor<br />
– Fertilization<br />
• 2 x<br />
• 50 lbs/Acre<br />
– Dormant prune<br />
• Last seasons<br />
• Older wood<br />
• Balance important
Effect of pruning on yield & av. fruit weight (2<br />
years) using mazzard, MxM 60, Gi 6,11 <strong>and</strong> 196/4<br />
Heading<br />
cut<br />
1997<br />
yield<br />
(kg/tree)<br />
1997 Av.<br />
Fruit wt.<br />
(g)<br />
1998<br />
yield<br />
(kg/tree)<br />
1998<br />
yield<br />
(kg/tree)<br />
Yes<br />
34.9 a<br />
9.2 a<br />
20.2 b<br />
10.0 a<br />
No<br />
36.8 a<br />
9.0 a<br />
39.6 a<br />
9.3 b<br />
Data by F. Kappel
Fruit thinning<br />
• Spur thinning
Rootstock/Variety Issues Complicated<br />
• No longer issue of simply planting Bing on<br />
Mahaleb<br />
• Must consider rootstock/variety interactions<br />
• Some varieties may not work well with<br />
dwarfing rootstocks<br />
– <strong>Sweet</strong>heart<br />
– Lapins<br />
– Chelan
Why Complicate the Issue?<br />
• Avoid mid-season<br />
surplus<br />
• Increase returns?<br />
• Extend harvest –<br />
reduce labor<br />
dem<strong>and</strong>s
Chelan<br />
Tieton<br />
Bing<br />
Lapins<br />
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart
Sonata<br />
32mm<br />
Bing<br />
27mm
PNW New Variety Selection Criteria<br />
• Firmness<br />
• Harvest timing<br />
• Cracking resistance<br />
• Size<br />
• Flavor
Days + or - Bing<br />
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23<br />
Chelan -12 to -10<br />
Tieton -9 to -6<br />
Bing<br />
Rainier .+4<br />
Attika +10<br />
Lapins +10 to +14<br />
Skeena +14<br />
Regina<br />
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart +21
Days + or - Bing<br />
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23<br />
Chelan -12 to -10<br />
Tieton -9 to -6<br />
Bing<br />
Rainier .+4<br />
Attika +10<br />
Lapins +10 to +14<br />
Skeena +14<br />
Regina<br />
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart +21
Days + or - Bing<br />
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23<br />
Chelan -12 to -10<br />
Tieton -9 to -6<br />
Bing<br />
Rainier .+4<br />
Attika +10<br />
Lapins +10 to +14<br />
Skeena +14<br />
Regina<br />
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart +21
Days + or - Bing<br />
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23<br />
Chelan -12 to -10<br />
Tieton -9 to -6<br />
Bing<br />
Rainier .+4<br />
Attika +10<br />
Lapins +10 to +14<br />
Skeena +14<br />
Regina<br />
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart +21
Days + or - Bing<br />
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23<br />
Chelan -12 to -10<br />
Tieton -9 to -6<br />
Bing<br />
Rainier .+4<br />
Attika +10<br />
Lapins +10 to +14<br />
Skeena +14<br />
Regina<br />
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart +21
BLOOM TIMING<br />
COMPATIBILITY<br />
GROUP * Early Early-Mid Mid-Season Mid-Late<br />
Group I (S 1 S 2 )<br />
Summit<br />
Group II (S 1 S 3 ) Van Regina<br />
Cristalina (later?) Oktavia<br />
Olympus<br />
Group III (S 3 S 4 ) Somerset Bing<br />
Lambert<br />
Royal Ann<br />
Group V (S 3 S 5 ) Chelan Tieton<br />
Burlat<br />
Group VI (S 3 S 6 ) Hartl<strong>and</strong> Attika<br />
Gold<br />
Group IX (S 1 S 4 ) Rainier Hudson<br />
Blk. Republican<br />
Group XIII (S 2 S 4 ) Royalton Sam<br />
Unknown (S 3 S y )<br />
Schneiders<br />
Self-fertile Lapins Stella Staccato<br />
Universal Pollinizer <strong>Sweet</strong>heart Symphony Cashmere<br />
Index Skeena Sonata<br />
Liberty Bell S<strong>and</strong>ra Rose<br />
Glacier Columbia
Chelan<br />
• 10 – 12 days < Bing<br />
• Fruit size?<br />
• Has been well<br />
accepted by buyers<br />
• Rain tolerance<br />
• Pollinizers: Bing,<br />
Van, B.R., Lapins,<br />
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart<br />
• Very productive<br />
• Rootstock: Mazzard
Tieton<br />
• 6 – 9 days before Bing<br />
• Beautiful & very large<br />
• Rain crack susceptible<br />
• Mild flavor<br />
• Blooms just before Bing<br />
• Low Productivity<br />
• Multiple Pollinizers:<br />
Index, Bing, Van,<br />
Rainier<br />
• Gisela 5, 6, (12?)<br />
Bing<br />
Tieton
Kordia<br />
• 10 – 14 days > Bing<br />
• 27 mm<br />
• Firm, solid texture<br />
• Very good flavor<br />
• Fruit keeps well<br />
• Blooms late: Regina,<br />
Symphony, S<strong>and</strong>ra Rose,<br />
Hedelfingen, Sam<br />
• Mazzard or Gisela’s
Lapins<br />
• 14 + days after Bing<br />
• Large <strong>and</strong> firm<br />
• Excellent flavor<br />
• Rain tolerant<br />
• Self-fertile<br />
• Mazzard, Gisela’s (?)<br />
• Can we learn to<br />
grow <strong>and</strong> harvest<br />
correctly?
Skeena<br />
• 14 days + after Bing<br />
• Larger than Lapins<br />
• Better than Lapins?<br />
• Firm fruit in cool or<br />
hot conditions<br />
• Self-fertile<br />
• Very productive <strong>and</strong><br />
precocious.<br />
• Mazzard.
Regina<br />
• Between Lapins &<br />
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart.<br />
• Large <strong>and</strong> firm<br />
• Pleasant, mild flavor<br />
• Rain tolerant<br />
• Blooms late<br />
• Low productivity<br />
• Multiple Pollinizers:<br />
Kordia, Symphony,<br />
Schneiders, Sam, Gold<br />
• Gisela 5, 6 or 12
<strong>Sweet</strong>heart<br />
• 21 + days after Bing<br />
• 25 mm, firm<br />
• Nice flavor when<br />
ripe<br />
• limited tolerance to<br />
rain<br />
• Blooms before Bing<br />
• Self-fertile<br />
• Very productive<br />
• Mazzard
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