100 YEARS OF WASTE INCINERATION IN DENMARK

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100 YEARS OF WASTE INCINERATION IN DENMARK From Refuse Destruction Plants to High-technology Energy Works By Heron Kleis, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund and Søren Dalager, Rambøll 3
100 YEARS OF WASTE INCINERATION IN DENMARK PREFACE CONTENTS 1. THE BEGINNING 1930 - 1962 IT BEGAN IN FREDERIKSBERG . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 4 GENTOFTE INCINERATION PLANT . . . . . . . . .PAGE 7 THE NEW PLANT IN FREDERIKSBERG . . . . . .PAGE 9 AARHUS INCINERATION PLANT . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 11 VØLUND – AN ESTABLISHED SUPPLIER . . . . . .PAGE 14 WHATEVER HAPPENED TO COPENHAGEN . . .PAGE 16 THE GERMAN OCCUPATION 1940-45 AND THE POST-WAR ERA . . . . . . . . .PAGE 17 2. THE BREAK-THROUGH 1963 - 1989 INCINERATION RE-EMERGES IN THE 1960S . . .PAGE 20 THE POLLUTION BOARD AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT . . . .PAGE 27 THE ENERGY CRISES OF 1973 AND 1979 . . .PAGE 29 THE DIOXIN DEBATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 30 3. FROM DISTRICT HEATING TO COMBINED HEAT AND POWER 1990 - 2003 CHP AGAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 34 ENERGY 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 35 TAXES AND SUBSIDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 36 THE PLANTS OF TODAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 37 4. THE FUTURE AFTER 2003 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUE (BAT) . . . . . . .PAGE 40 THE CHALLENGES OF TOMORROW . . . . . . . .PAGE 44 POSTSCRIPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 46 MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATION PLANTS IN DENMARK AND THE FAROE ISLANDS . . . . . .PAGE 47 LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 48 PREFACE In September 2003 the Municipality of Frederiksberg celebrated its centenary as the first municipality in Denmark ever to supply its inhabitants with district heating. The heat was produced on the basis of waste collected in the municipality. The original district heating plant was therefore also Denmark’s first incineration plant, and waste has in fact been incinerated in at least one plant in Denmark throughout the period of 1903 to 2003. Waste incineration therefore also celebrated its centenary in 2003. Initially, there were only a few plants, but approximately 40 years ago the situation changed. It became more and more common to exploit the energy content of the waste for the production of heat, and today the technology and pollution control methods applied are so highly developed that incineration has become the officially prescribed method for the treatment of incinerable waste in Denmark. Consequently, Denmark has achieved a leading position regarding the percentage of waste incinerated and know-how in the area. During this 100-year period the Danish society has undergone tremendous developments – in terms of national income as well as technology – and the way of life significantly differs from what it used to be 100 years ago. These changes have had an impact on the incineration plants too. The waste composition and the way in which the waste is collected and transported have changed. The plants have become more complicated because of increasingly stringent environmental standards. They are now however operated by a lot less staff. The bottom ash from both the first and the second incineration plants in the municipality of Frederiksberg was taken to a crushing plant in front of the old stack. After crushing, the bottom ash was brought by tippers to the area in the front where it was allowed to age prior to being sold. The authors of this book have been involved with incineration for 50 and almost 40 years, respectively. They are both approaching retirement and therefore feel called upon to look back on the first 100 years of waste incineration in Denmark. The authors hope that this book will preserve a corner of Danish history, and naturally they also hope that the readers will find it interesting. 4 5
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100 YEARS OF WASTE INCINERATION IN DENMARK

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