Quds University Small Scale Waste Water Treatment Plants in West ...

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4-Tertiary (or advanced): removal of specific components and/ or complementary removal of components which were not sufficiently removed by the secondary treatment, e.g. nutrients or pathogenic organisms. A further stage involves the treatment of the surplus sludge generated along the process by stabilization and/or thickening and dewatering prior to reuse or disposal. The stages of the treatment are usually classified by the nature of the treatment applied. In the mechanical treatment, the use of physical forces (screening, sedimentation and filtration) prevails; the chemical treatments involve the use of external reagents and chemical reactions (flocculation, precipitation, redox, disinfection), the biological treatments are based upon the activities of micro organisms, mainly bacteria, which use the biodegradable organic pollutants as a substrate for their metabolism (activated sludge, trickling filters, lagoons, aerobic and anaerobic digestion); the thermal treatments use heat for the evaporation of water, the destruction of the organic components or for sludge treatment (dehydration, incineration) (Bouwer, 1978). Table (1.2) shows the main processes in treatment of wastewater on the other hand table (1.3) described the removal efficiency of the quality parameters for each unit process employed in WWTP. Table (1.2) Main processes in wastewater treatment. ( Zanetti, 2006) Pollutants Processes used Gross materials Screening, degritting Suspended solids Biodegradable organic compounds Nitrogen compounds Phosphorous Pathogenic agents Sedimentation, flotation, flocculation, filtration Activated sludge, trickling filters biologic disks, lagoons Nitrification or biological denitrification, stripping Chemical precipitation, biological removal Chlorination, Ozonization, UV Non-biodegradable organic compounds Dissolved inorganic compounds Absorption of activated carbon, wet combustion, incineration Chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane processes 8
Table (1.3) Removal efficiency (expressed as %) of different types of treatment for municipal wastewater. (Zanetti , 2006) Type of process Suspended solids % BOD 5 % Phosphorous % Nitrogen % Coliforms % primary sedimentation Chemical flocculation Biological treatment Tertiary treatment 50 – 60 25 – 30 10 – 15 10 – 15 30 – 60 80 – 95 40 – 50 80 – 90 10 – 15 50 – 70 80 – 90 80 – 90 15 – 25 20 – 30 90 – 99 80 – 95 80 – 95 90 – 95 70 – 80 90 – 99 Disinfection 80 – 95 85 – 95 90 – 95 70 – 80 99 1.10 Classification of wastewater treatment plants Wastewater treatment plants are classified on the basis of their size, i.e. on the number of equivalent inhabitants to be served, as micro, small, medium and large WWTP. Equivalent Inhabitants is a mean of expressing the strength of organic material in wastewater induced by humans. In a domestic wastewater system, microorganisms use up about 90 grams of oxygen per day for each person using the system (as measured by the standard BOD test). Population Equivalent can be measured by the following Equation : Population Equivalent, persons= (Flow, CM / day × BOD mg/L × 10 6 L/ CM) /( 90,000 mg BOD/ day/ person) (Glossary of Environment Statistics, 1997). Small plants serving single houses, terraces, apartment blocks and in any case any communities up to 50 equivalent inhabitants. Small to medium plants serving groups of apartment blocks, colleges, boarding schools and in any case any communities up to 300 equivalent inhabitants. Medium plants serving hospitals, barracks, and tourist villages and in any case any communities up to 2000 equivalent inhabitants. Medium to large plants serving neighborhoods and villages, in any case all the communities up to 10000 equivalent inhabitants. Large plants serving cities and in any case any communities from 10000 equivalent inhabitants up (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003). 9
Page 1 and 2: Deanship of Graduate Studies Al- Qu
Page 3 and 4: Al-Quds University Graduated Studie
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I certify that this the
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents: Declaration ....
Page 9 and 10: List of tables: No Title Page 1.1 W
Page 11 and 12: AS BOD COD DO EC FC KHP MBR MCM MoA
Page 13 and 14: later stage. These include Total So
Page 15 and 16: Chapter One Introduction 1
Page 17 and 18: ains which mainly fall on the West
Page 19 and 20: has dropped - from 138 MCM in 1999
Page 21: and the extent of meter services, i
Page 25 and 26: ack to the sewage flow and compacts
Page 27 and 28: The trickling filter, supplied with
Page 29 and 30: The treatment system consists of a
Page 31 and 32: than biological phosphorus removal.
Page 33 and 34: Figure.2 Reverse osmosis system 400
Page 35 and 36: Table (1.4) reports the minimum dos
Page 37 and 38: will not however, get rid of the eg
Page 39 and 40: 1.13.3 Operation and Maintenance Co
Page 41 and 42: Chapter Two Material and Methods 27
Page 43 and 44: 2.3Methodology Field visits were co
Page 45 and 46: Table(2): Description of selected W
Page 47 and 48: Description of Duckweed technology:
Page 49 and 50: 2.6.4.1 Activated sludge treatment
Page 51 and 52: 3.1 Results 3.1.1Chemical and Physi
Page 53 and 54: 3.1.1.3 Nuba Waste Water Treatment
Page 55 and 56: 3.1.1.5The Inter Continental Hotel
Page 57 and 58: Figure (5): Efficiency of Nahalin W
Page 59 and 60: Figure (8): Efficiency of the Inter
Page 61 and 62: 3.2.3 Overall Efficiency of the cas
Page 63 and 64: By comparing the efficiency of Al-Q
Page 65 and 66: 4.1 Results 4.1.1 Economy of small
Page 67 and 68: Cost of the technical supervision.
Page 69 and 70: Cost of operating technician. 400 $
Page 71 and 72: Table (4.4) Cost sheet for Al-Quds
Page 73 and 74:
the treating waste water with the e
Page 75 and 76:
especially important nutrient to re
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter Five Conclusion and Recomme
Page 79 and 80:
5.2 Recommendations 1- Encouraging
Page 81 and 82:
Colmenarejo. M. F. Rubio. A. Sanche
Page 83 and 84:
McGraw- Hill, 1990. American Water
Page 85 and 86:
WHO, 1996. Health Guidelines for th
Page 87 and 88:
Qalqilia 1 School level Jenin 60 Ho
Page 89 and 90:
3- Duha and Al Auja WWTPs: First sa
Page 91 and 92:
Cost of chemical and biological tes
Page 93 and 94:
بين يتركز موضوع الر
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Quds University Small Scale Waste Water Treatment Plants in West ...

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