Mesozoic Fishes 5 - University of Kansas

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A B C Fig. 16. A, B, scales of Recent Kneria showing the characteristic ridged pattern of the surface (BMNH 1976.10.20.142-159). C, caudal region of the holotype MB.f.19057a. Arrows point to the ridged pattern of the scales. Scales = 1mm. The fossil scales resemble those present in Recent kneriids, especially Kneria species with longitudinal ridges, which become slightly undulating in the middle field of the scales (see Fig. 16A,B). In Parakneria, long, almost straight longitudinal ridges are placed near the dorsal and ventral borders of the scales, but the ridges in the middle field are wavier than in Kneria. No radii are observed in the scales of tribe Kneriini, while they are present in Phractolaemus (KUMNH 41050), which in addition present large scales without longitudinal ridges. The structure of the scales in the fossil and recent kneriids is interpreted here as a potential synapomorphy of this tribe. The scale morphology within the family and other gonorynchiforms is in need of further study. 346
A †Diplomystus Brycon Opsariichthys †Gordichthys 97 †Rubiesichthys 94 100 †Aethalionopsis 100 51 †Parachanos †Dastilbe Chanos 62 60 †Tharrhias 90 95 †Notogoneus 94 Gonorynchus 95 †Charitopsis 83 †Charitosomus 58 †Hakeliosomus 51 98 †Judeichthys 99 †Ramallichthys Phractolaemus Cromeria 98 92 Grasseichthys 98 87 86 Parakneria 76 88 Kneria 83 70 †Mahengichthys B 74 †Diplomystus Brycon Opsariichthys †Gordichthys †Rubiesichthys †Aethalionopsis †Parachanos †Dastilbe Chanos †Tharrhias †Hakeliosomus †Ramallichthys †Judeichthys Gonorynchus †Notogoneus †Charitopsis †Charitosomus Phractolaemus Cromeria Grasseichthys Parakneria Kneria †Mahengichthys Fig. 17. Relationships of the Gonorynchiformes based on parsimony (A) and maximum likelihood (B) analyses of 128 morphological characters modified from POYATO-ARIZA et al. (2010b). Numbers below nodes denote bootstrap values, with only values greater than 50 shown. Results from parsimony analysis (A) are presented as a strict consensus of 25 equally parsimonious trees (232 steps). Chanidae Gonorynchidae Kneriidae Gonorynchiformes Phylogenetic relationships Morphological data. Figure 17 shows the strict consensus of 25 equally parsimonious trees from the maximum parsimony analysis (Fig. 17A), and the optimal maximum likelihood (Fig. 17B) topology for gonorynchiform fishes based on the modified morphological data of POYATO-ARIZA et al. (2010b). For parsimony, of the 128 morphological characters, 87 were phylogenetically informative (tree length of 232, consistency index of 0.707, retention index of 0.081). In both analyses there is strong bootstrap support for the monophyly of the Gonorynchiformes and of each of the three families (Chanidae, Gonorynchidae, Kneriidae). Relationships among gonorynchiform families were identical to results of POYATO-ARIZA et al. (2010b) for both methods, with Chanidae sister to a clade of Kneriidae + Gonorynchidae. Evolutionary relationships within the family Kneriidae are identical between the two methodologies (Fig. 17A,B). The subfamily Phractolaeminae (Phractolaeumus) was recovered as the sister group to a well-supported subfamily Kneriinae. The paedomorphic Cromeria and Grasseichthys were recovered as sister taxa with high bootstrap support (tribe Cromerini) with both methodologies. This clade is sister to a strongly supported tribe Kneriini, which includes Parakneria as the sister group to a clade of Kneria + †Mahengichthys singidaensis. Total evidence. The maximum likelihood phylogeny for a combined morphological (Appendix 1) and molecular (Table 1) analysis is shown in Figure 18. As with the morphological data alone, there is strong bootstrap support for the monophyly of the Gonorynchiformes and all families. However, the relationships among families differ from the morphological analysis, with Gonorynchidae sister to Chanidae + Kneriidae. This result is consistent with the findings of LAVOUÉ et al. (2005, 2012) that were based on mitogenomic data alone. The family Kneriidae is again composed of subfamily Phractolaeminae (Phractolaeumus) sister to a well-supported subfamily Kneriinae. The tribe Cromerini (Cromeria and Grasseichthys) is recovered 347
Page 1: Mesozoic Fishes 5 Global Diversity
Page 4 and 5: Fig. 1. Diatreme fields in North-Ce
Page 6 and 7: of MANNARD 1962 and HARRISON et al.
Page 8 and 9: 13: Relative position of postpariet
Page 10 and 11: Parsimony analyses were also perfor
Page 12 and 13: A B C Fig. 4. †Mahengichthys sing
Page 14 and 15: to the midpoint of standard length
Page 16 and 17: .epi 1st.ri 2nd.ri 3rd.ri 4th.ri Fi
Page 18 and 19: overlap the adjoining arch. The thi
Page 20 and 21: A B C Fig. 12. †Mahengichthys sin
Page 22 and 23: na b.epn ns ns vc hs A b.epi 1st.ap
Page 26 and 27: 0.2 †Diplomystus Opsariichthys bi
Page 28 and 29: Amia (Amiiformes) Hiodon (Hiodontif
Page 30 and 31: clade. POYATO-ARIZA et al. (2010b)
Page 32 and 33: - (1997): Basal teleosts and teleos
Page 34 and 35: - (2003b): A new characiform fish (
Page 36 and 37: anterior to orbit, quadrate displac
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