aquaculturehealth - Montana Water Center - Montana State University

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RESEARCH THE POWER OF PURIFIED NUCLEOTIDES FIGURE 3. SUPPLEMENTATION. ORAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE RIGHT BALANCE OF ALL KEY NUCLEOTIDES IN A PURIFIED FORM REDUCES THE TIME AND ENERGY REQUIRED FOR BUILDING DNA AND CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE BODY, PARTICULARLY DURING PERIODS OF ELEVATED DEMAND. • improve production and reproduction • increase growth and survivability • reduce parasite infestation • improve feed conversion • accelerate immune response, and • reduce mortality rates giving “healthier fish and a healthier bottom line”. AQUACULTURE-SPECIFIC NUCLEOTIDES Fundamental research into the role of the different nucleotides and their specific effect on overcoming stress and challenges in aquatic animals resulted in the design of “aquaculturespecific” combinations of nucleotides forming the basis of EWOS boost®. Repeated trials in many aquaculture species have clearly demonstrated that dietary nucleotide products are proven only to be efficacious if they contain exact, highly concentrated and differentiated formula of nucleotides. If not, substantial efficacy is not always obtained or obtainable (see Figure 3). Therefore, the assumption that any good diet or aqua supplement claiming merely “to contain nucleotides” is similarly efficacious, or even beneficial, is certainly incorrect. most readily absorbed through the intestinal wall. Furthermore, the Swiss found that an abundant and readily available natural nutrient was the perfect resource to obtain and process the entire spectrum of purified nucleotides and nucleosides. Additional research focused on varied physiological differentiations among species which require discrete nucleotides leading to unique nucleotide formulas for fish, and EWOS boost® became a reality. These discoveries, along with the increasing scientific research into the use of nucleotides in all animal species and humans, led to the international debut of the EWOS boost® feed programme for salmon. This programme utilised the benefits of a specific aquaculture nucleotide blend to form the core of the EWOS programme targeting “health through nutrition”. This has subsequently led to the further development and launch of other EWOS’ special dietary formulations for a variety of life-stages and different aquaculture species. Across the spectrum of fish culture, nucleotide biotechnology has allowed EWOS to help fish farmers • control disease more effectively • lessen the negative effects of stress FIGURE 4: CELL DIVISION. THE MULTIPLICATION OF CELLS REQUIRES THE DOUBLING OF INFORMATION STORED IN THE FORM OF DNA. OVER THREE BILLION NUCLEOTIDES (ALL FORMS) ARE REQUIRED FOR EACH CELL. TIME AND ENERGY ARE REQUIRED TO SYNTHESIS EACH NUCLEOTIDE, INVOLVING UP TO 14 BIOCHEMICAL STEPS. THE MECHANISM FOR NUCLEOTIDES Cell proliferation describes the reproduction or multiplication of all living cells. This process, by which cells divide, is imperative to life of all organisms and is fundamental to their biological functions. For just a single cell to divide, it is necessary for its DNA to be duplicated. Amazingly, every strand of DNA contains approximately three billion nucleotides! When considering the fact that most fish must produce millions of new cells every second simply to maintain the status quo, it is quite easy to understand that during times of extraordinary stress, such as growth, reproduction, environmental change or challenge, combating disease and recovery from injury, trillions of additional nucleotides must be readily available for cell proliferation. However, since the organism must first produce these nucleotides, this continual process is slow and metabolically taxing (see Figure 4). Most cells are capable of producing sufficient nucleotides to maintain a satisfactory supply to the organism for normal metabolic activities and life. For a healthy fish, this constant resupply of nucleotides is very well balanced and is appropriately adjusted in response to occasional stress. However, an increased production of nucleotides takes time and energy, and taxes the fish’s supply of basic raw materials to produce more nucleotides. The fish’s own production of nucleotides is based on average requirements, with allowances only for occasional short-term increase in response to growth, health challenge etc. For a fish to maintain good health, much depends on how quickly it can adapt to changing conditions. It does this by increasing the defence cells specific to an invading organism or disease. However, only very few defence cells recognise these viral invaders or errant conditions and move to destroy them. But the speed by which the body is able to produce new defence cells depends essentially on the availability of the right nucleotides. If the body has to first produce the specific nucleotides, valuable time is lost during which the disease condition progresses or the invader can multiply unhindered. However, if enough differentiated nucleotides are available, the production of the defence cells begins immediately, allowing the 16 AQUACULTURE HEALTH INTERNATIONAL FEBRUARY 2006
Success with EWOS boost ® became a catalyst to explore scientifically the potential benefits of nucleotide supplements in aquatic diets for other species body to begin the fight against the infection or errant condition during its initial stages. Dietary nucleic acids, from which the body’s source of dietary nucleotides is obtained, are found in ingredients of both plant and animal origin. However, these nucleotides are at quite a low concentration, especially in plant-based proteins. Also, their inherent protective proteins further limit their availability to the organism. Therefore, the ingestion of additional selected pure nucleotides will ensure a much greater and readily available supply of these cellbuilding blocks needed by the body during times of elevated demand. EWOS’ research scientists used this knowledge in the formulation and development of EWOS boost® and supporting programmes targeting better health through nutrition. This knowledge also continues to be the foundation of EWOS’ continuing research and development into providing optimum nutritional value in their current and future aquaculture feed programmes. NATURAL IMMUNITY The underlying reason for the success of purified nucleotidesupplemented aquaculture diets, and for the wide range of desirable, observable and measurable effects they have, lies in the fact that the added nucleotides facilitate an accelerated immune response. An immune response is simply the ability of an organism to mount an effective defence against malignancies and invading micro-organisms (antigens) by producing immunoglobulins (antibodies). In general, the immune response is activated through the production of millions of specialised white blood cells (B-lymphocytes or B cells, plasma cells, and T-lymphocytes or Tcells). Since this cell proliferation depends on the ready availability of nucleotides, it becomes clear why the immune response is accelerated when more nucleotides are made available. A strong immune system is equally important for fish in their ability to respond to other stress factors, such as injury, sudden environmental changes, physical exertion and growth, to name a few. Such pressures tax the immune system and, consequently, the ability to survive and adequately react to traumatic changes during its lifetime. EWOS BOOST ® - DRIVEN BY RESULTS In other common aquaculture species such as shrimp, nucleotide programmes have demonstrated a highly significant effect on health and performance parameters of interest to commercial producers. Its perceptive scientists measured the value of nucleotide supplements by incorporating an exclusive nucleotide formula into high quality and cost-effective diets for salmon for various cycles during their development. The results of these trials were dramatic. When comparing various groups of fish fed standard versus nucleotidesupplemented feed, the nucleotide diets, administered anywhere from three to 10 weeks, showed a number of significant zootechnical advantages, including: • “a remarkable 21 percent” increase in length of intestinal villi, as well as increased surface area, as shown in micrographs • an 11.8 percent to 12.1 percent increase in fry growth rate after three weeks of nucleotide feed, and 25.53 percent after six weeks • 9.2 percent increase in mean weight of fish fed for eight weeks (14.7 percent higher with added vitamin C) • 38 percent reduction in sea lice infestation • 18 percent decrease in mortality in fish infected with Vibrio anguillarum, and a • 95 percent survival rate (versus 79-84 percent) after vaccination and challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida. As a result, EWOS developed and marketed its unique EWOS boost® diet and now has a leading world market share among competing formulas, with sales of EWOS boost® fast approaching 10 percent of the company’s worldwide yearly feed sales. In other aquaculture species such as shrimp, nucleotide programmes have also demonstrated a highly significant effect on health and performance such parameters of concern and interest to commercial producers. Trials in Asia, India and South America have shown a significant reduction in the effects of stress, reduced mortality, higher growth and feed efficiency. EWOS BOOST ® - HARNESSING THE POWER OF NUCLEOTIDES Success with EWOS boost® became a catalyst to explore scientifically the potential benefits of nucleotide supplements in aquatic diets for other species. As a result of other research and development programmes, EWOS has expanded the use of its product into other phases of salmon development, and unique dietary programmes for hatcheries and diets for cod, halibut, turbot, sea bass, sea bream, yellow tail, tuna and amberjack. EWOS boost® has also gained approval for certain organic accreditation, allowing it to be used in the process of rearing fish in organic systems, where access to medication is strictly limited. Over the last two years, significant investment has been made in developing a routine analytical process that accurately determines the level and quality of the individual nucleotides present in EWOS boost®. This process ensures consistency in the quality of the nucleotide formulas used. The use of dietary nucleotides to positively effect growth, survivability, disease challenges, stress resistance and other factors in fish and animal farming is continually expanding. EWOS has played a most important and instrumental role in making this happen through its significant commitment to an ongoing scientific research programme at EWOS Innovation in Norway, and its continuous quest to develop and manufacture the very best dietary programmes for aquaculture. See www.ewos.com or contact per.sveidqvist@ewos.com FURTHER READING The Journal of Nutrition, January 1994 Supplement; Nucleotides and Nutrition, Volume 124, Number 1S ■ VIP.AC04 FEBRUARY 2006 AQUACULTURE HEALTH INTERNATIONAL 17
Page 1 and 2: AQUACULTURE HEALTH I N T E R N A T
Page 3 and 4: CAN PARTNERSHIPS BE POSITIVE Partne
Page 5 and 6: VIMS SPL provides diagnostic suppor
Page 7 and 8: NEW DISEASE IDENTIFIED IN NORWAY’
Page 9 and 10: CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS NORTH AMER
Page 11 and 12: THE BARRAMUNDI VACCINATION TEAM AT
Page 13 and 14: withdrawal period leaves producers
Page 18 and 19: C ASEBOOK PERSPECTIVES ON KOI HERPE
Page 20 and 21: FINFISH A US PERSPECTIVE ON ADVANCE
Page 22: FINFISH WHIRLING DISEASE RESEARCH A
Page 25 and 26: NOCARDIA SERIOLAE - A CHRONIC PROBL
Page 27 and 28: INNOVATIVE HEALTH SOLUTIONS TO GLOB
Page 29 and 30: AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH AT THE UNIVER

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