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THE CONTRIBUTION OF CELL BIOLOGY FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF CHAGAS’ DISEASE WANDERLEY DE SOUZA First I wish to thank the organizers of the symposium to invite me to be here today, and to congratulate the Pontifician Academy of Sciences for the initiative to organize this symposium as a tribute to the memory of its past President Carlos Chagas Filho. Since 1970, when I was 18 years old and started my scientific carreer at the Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho under the supervision of Hertha Meyer, I had the privilege to be in permanent contact and under the positive influence of Professor Carlos Chagas Filho. I still remember when I showed him the first micrographs where the sub-pellicular microtubules of the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii could be seen. He became so enthusiastic with the results and decided to present them in the French Academy of Sciences. The paper, which was my first one, was published in 1972 in the Comptes Rendues de la Academie de Sciences Table I TROPICAL PARASITIC DISEASES-WHO / 1999 Infected people............................................ 500.000.000 Dead per year .................................................. 2.000.000 Malaria......................................................... 500.000.000 Schistosomiasis........................................... 200.000.000 Filariasis ...................................................... 120.000.000 Amebiasis ...................................................... 16.000.000 Leishmaniasis .............................................. 15.500.000 Chagas disease .............................................. 14.000.000 Sleepness disease ............................................ 3.000.000
42 WANDERLEY DE SOUZA de Paris (1). Figure 1 (see page III) illustrates one important moment of my carreer when I was introduced in 1984 as Member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and received the diploma from the hands of Professor Carlos Chagas Filho, at that time President of the Pontifician Academy of Sciences. In the last 30 years I have been involved in the study of parasitic diseases from a cell biology perspective. Tropical Parasitic Diseases still constitute one of the most important public health problem in the world affecting about 500 millions of people, according to information from the WHO (Table I). Chagas Disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi discovered in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, father of Carlos Chagas Filho, is the most important parasitic disease in large areas of South and Central America (Fig. 2, see page III), affecting about 14 million people, with about 100 million people remaining at risk. Important health programs have been established in the last years aiming to control transmission of the parasites from the insects to man as well as from man to man during blood transfusion as exemplefied in Figure 3 (see page IV) and Table II. These data could led us to suggest complete elimination of new infections caused by T. cruzi in the next years. However, recent studies using isoenzyme and riboprinting analysis, rRNA promoter activity, sequence of mini-exon genes and microsatellite markers have provided clear evidences that T. cruzi is not a single species but it corresponds to two highly diver- Table II: Human Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and reduction of incidence Southern Cone Initiative, 1983-1999 Country Age Group Infection in Infection in Reduction of (Years) 1983 1999 Incidence (Rates x 100) (Rates x 100) (%) Argentina 18 4.5 1.2 85.0 Brazil 7-14 18.5 0.17 96.0 Bolivia 1-4 33.9 ND ND Chile 0-10 5.4 0.14 99.0 Paraguay 18 9.3 3.9 60.0 Uruguay 6-12 2.5 0.06 99.0
Page 1 and 2: THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Page 3 and 4: Address: THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF
Page 5: The opinions expressed with absolut
Page 9 and 10: The Participants of the Symposium i
Page 11 and 12: 8 CONTENTS Biodiversity and the Hum
Page 13 and 14: 10 PROGRAMME 11:00- 11:30 Coffee-Br
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Prof. Nicola C
Page 17 and 18: 14 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Prof. Chris
Page 19 and 20: 16 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Prof. Jacob
Page 21 and 22: GENERAL INTRODUCTION I would like t
Page 23 and 24: SPEECH OF GREETING We are gathered
Page 25 and 26: 22 CARLOS CHAGAS FILHO
Page 27 and 28: 24 CARLOS CHAGAS FILHO
Page 29 and 30: A TALE: THE TRANSLATION 1 I don’t
Page 31 and 32: 28 CARLOS CHAGAS FILHO from Venice,
Page 34: SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
Page 37 and 38: 34 DARCY F. DE ALMEIDA to make up f
Page 39 and 40: 36 DARCY F. DE ALMEIDA technicians
Page 41 and 42: 38 DARCY F. DE ALMEIDA of Brazil”
Page 43: 40 DARCY F. DE ALMEIDA there includ
Page 47 and 48: 44 WANDERLEY DE SOUZA common to mos
Page 49 and 50: 46 WANDERLEY DE SOUZA Fig. 9 Schema
Page 51 and 52: 48 WANDERLEY DE SOUZA array of 25 a
Page 53 and 54: 50 WANDERLEY DE SOUZA a typical pha
Page 55 and 56: 52 WANDERLEY DE SOUZA Fig. 16. The
Page 57 and 58: 54 WANDERLEY DE SOUZA A B C D E F G
Page 59 and 60: SCIENCES AND SOLIDARITY PAUL GERMAI
Page 61 and 62: 58 PAUL GERMAIN The great advantage
Page 63 and 64: 60 PAUL GERMAIN of any nation or te
Page 65 and 66: L’HOMME DE SCIENCE ET LA SOCIÉT
Page 67 and 68: 64 ANDRÉ BLANC-LAPIERRE celle du D
Page 69 and 70: 66 ANDRÉ BLANC-LAPIERRE bons inven
Page 71 and 72: 68 ANDRÉ BLANC-LAPIERRE Ne faut-il
Page 73 and 74: 70 ANDRÉ BLANC-LAPIERRE proprement
Page 75 and 76: 72 PETER H. RAVEN bringing about it
Page 77 and 78: 74 PETER H. RAVEN major proportion
Page 79 and 80: 76 PETER H. RAVEN ple in affluent c
Page 81 and 82: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS MAXI
Page 83 and 84: 80 MAXINE F. SINGER even scary, som
Page 85 and 86: 82 MAXINE F. SINGER maize and teosi
Page 87 and 88: 84 MAXINE F. SINGER the DNA segment
Page 89 and 90: 86 MAXINE F. SINGER chemicals, a de
Page 91 and 92: 88 MAXINE F. SINGER engineered to p
Page 93 and 94: MOLECULAR EVOLUTION: COMPARISON OF
Page 95 and 96:
92 WERNER ARBER bination between a
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94 WERNER ARBER in other cases a fe
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96 WERNER ARBER increasing number o
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98 WERNER ARBER evolution genes are
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100 WERNER ARBER designed genetic v
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CONSTRAINTS ON THE ORIGIN AND EVOLU
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104 CHRISTIAN DE DUVE which case or
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106 CHRISTIAN DE DUVE of course, a
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108 CHRISTIAN DE DUVE we provided t
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110 CHRISTIAN DE DUVE tree of life,
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CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN INFE
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114 MICHAEL SELA we have succeeded
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116 MICHAEL SELA will learn that th
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CARLOS CHAGAS FILHO: SCIENTIST AND
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120 RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI some suspi
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122 RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI by enthusi
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124 RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI proverb sa
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126 PAUL A.J. JANSSEN The ‘do nov
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128 MAX PERUTZ because we realised
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130 MAX PERUTZ severe it is. There
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132 MAX PERUTZ largest structures o
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134 MAX PERUTZ of onset of the dise
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136 BERNARD A. BROWN II AND ALEXAND
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160 CRODOWALDO PAVAN species is in
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162 CRODOWALDO PAVAN that still has
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164 CRODOWALDO PAVAN eliminating so
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166 CRODOWALDO PAVAN ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
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168 TESTIMONIANZE RENATO DARDOZZI M
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TABLES - WANDERLEY DE SOUZA III Fig
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TABLES - WANDERLEY DE SOUZA V Fig.
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