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The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today IRRI is one of the 15 nonprofit international research centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR – www.cgiar.org). IRRI receives support from several CGIAR members, including the World Bank, European Union, Asian Development Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Development Research Centre, Rockefeller Foundation, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and agencies of the following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, People’s Republic of China, Republic of Korea, Republic of the Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, and Vietnam. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. Suggested citation: Toriyama K, Heong KL, Hardy B, editors. 2005. Rice is life: scientific perspectives for the 21st century. Proceedings of the World Rice Research Conference held in Tokyo and Tsukuba, Japan, 4-7 November 2004. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute, and Tsukuba (Japan): Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences. CD-ROM. 590 p. Copyright International Rice Research Institute 2005 Mailing address: DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines Phone: +63 (2) 580-5600, 845-0563, 844-3351 to 53 Fax: +63 (2) 580-5699, 891-1292, 845-0606 Email: irri@cgiar.org Home page: www.irri.org Riceweb: www.riceweb.org Rice Knowledge Bank: www.riceknowledgebank.org Courier address: Suite 1009, Pacific Bank Building 6776 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines Tel. (63-2) 891-1236, 891-1174, 891-1258, 891-1303 CD-ROM cover design: Juan Lazaro IV CD-ROM production coordinator: George R. Reyes Layout and design: Ariel Paelmo Figures and illustrations: Ariel Paelmo ISBN 971-22-0204-6
Contents FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiv xv Keynotes The power of settled life: rice farming as a lifestyle 2 Ken-ichi Matsumoto The role of rice in the Japanese diet 3 Yoshiko Kagawa A greeting 4 Yoshinobu Shimamura Statement by Jacques Diouf 4 Address by Imperial Highness Crown Prince Naruhito 5 New technologies for rice production 6 Gurdev S. Khush The changing economics and politics of rice: implications for food security, 7 globalization, and environmental sustainability Joachim von Braun and María Soledad Bos Feeding the world: How much more rice do we need 21 Vaclav Smil Development of sustainable agriculture from rice, water, 23 and the living environment Riota Nakamura Research strategy for rice in the 21st century 26 Ronald P. Cantrell and Gene P. Hettel SESSION 1 The genus Oryza, its diversity, and its evolution Molecular phylogeny and divergence of the rice tribe Oryzeae, with special 40 reference to the origin of the genus Oryza Song Ge, Ya-long Guo, and Qi-hui Zhu Eco-genetic diversification in the genus Oryza: implications for sustainable 44 rice production Duncan Vaughan, Koh-ichi Kadowaki, Akito Kaga, and Norihiko Tomooka Toward a global strategy for the conservation of rice genetic resources 47 Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton and Ruth Raymond Genetic architecture and complexity in wild and cultivated rice 49 Y. Sano Who was the mother of cultivated rice Differentiation of chloroplast genome 52 structure among cultivated rice and ancestral wild species Koh-ichi Kadowaki Diverse mechanisms of low-temperature stress response in rice 54 Ryozo Imai, Jiangqi Wen, Kentaro Sasaki, and Kiyoharu Oono Genetic diversity of Myanmar rice landraces 56 Ye Tint Tun, K. Irie, T. Nagamine, Jhon Ba Maw, F. Kikuchi, and H. Fujimaki Contents iii
Page 4 and 5: QTL analysis for eating quality in
Page 6 and 7: Harnessing molecular markers in hyb
Page 8 and 9: Processed novel foodstuffs from pre
Page 10 and 11: Promising technologies for reducing
Page 12 and 13: Screening of allelopathic activity
Page 14 and 15: Foreword Just after World War II, r
Page 16 and 17: Science and Technology, the Society
Page 18 and 19: The power of settled life: rice far
Page 20 and 21: A greeting Yoshinobu Shimamura The
Page 22 and 23: eliminating hunger and poverty. I b
Page 24 and 25: (Hossain 1998). Hamilton (2003) des
Page 26 and 27: Table 2. Poverty impact of rice res
Page 28 and 29: equires about twice as much water a
Page 30 and 31: 400 350 300 250 200 US$ t -1 1985 1
Page 32 and 33: Table 6. Producer support estimates
Page 34 and 35: 000 t US$ t -1 40,000 30,000 20,000
Page 36 and 37: Hossain M, Narciso J. 2004. Long-te
Page 38 and 39: lation older than 60 years will inc
Page 40 and 41: Index (1961 = 100) 250 240 Total ce
Page 42 and 43: contributions of O&M and water char
Page 44 and 45: using the best management technique
Page 46 and 47: We scientifically tested several va
Page 48 and 49: Until recently, this amount of wate
Page 50 and 51: gp.dna.affrc.go.jp/ IRGSP/index.htm
Page 52 and 53:
agricultural production and rural l
Page 54 and 55:
SESSION 1 The genus Oryza, its dive
Page 56 and 57:
2 Oryza sativa O. glaberrima O. mer
Page 58 and 59:
indica + rufipogon + nivara 0.4 0.6
Page 60 and 61:
evaluators in relation to biotic st
Page 62 and 63:
Toward a global strategy for the co
Page 64 and 65:
database were updated only infreque
Page 66 and 67:
that the transgressive segregation
Page 68 and 69:
O. granulata complex O. sativa comp
Page 70 and 71:
velopment. Observed abnormalities i
Page 72 and 73:
WH n = 134 NM n = 232 NM WC n = 130
Page 74 and 75:
45 45 40 40 WH 35 35 n = 134 30 30
Page 76 and 77:
5.95 after determining the nitrogen
Page 78 and 79:
Table 1. Allelic effect of QTLs for
Page 80 and 81:
The complete rice genome sequence a
Page 82 and 83:
all of the traits that are importan
Page 84 and 85:
y map-based strategies (Yano et al
Page 86 and 87:
different environmental conditions,
Page 88 and 89:
indica and japonica rice, (2) impli
Page 90 and 91:
Functional genomics by reverse gene
Page 92 and 93:
Kolesnik T, Szeverenyi I, Bachmann
Page 94 and 95:
system, random overexpression of th
Page 96 and 97:
tively, some of these predicted gen
Page 98 and 99:
kb Line A B C M18 50 B AC 1 HG28 13
Page 100 and 101:
H. Leung of IRRI reviewed the impor
Page 102 and 103:
Overproduction of C 4 enzymes in tr
Page 104 and 105:
An approach for introducing the C 4
Page 106 and 107:
productive organs are major sinks f
Page 108 and 109:
Improving drought and cold-stress t
Page 110 and 111:
A. Genes induced by cold, drought,
Page 112 and 113:
ALS Trp Ser Cells that expressed AL
Page 114 and 115:
screened exotic rice germplasm has
Page 116 and 117:
Graham RD, Rosser JM. 2000. Caroten
Page 118 and 119:
modified peptides with high specifi
Page 120 and 121:
′ ′ Fig. 1. Chimeraplast Ch-W54
Page 122 and 123:
Notes Authors’ address: Laborator
Page 124 and 125:
y chilling. When the value at the b
Page 126 and 127:
SESSION 4 Improving rice yield pote
Page 128 and 129:
(Evans and Austin 1986, see Table 1
Page 130 and 131:
y different genetics. QTLs that con
Page 132 and 133:
Photosynthesis in saturating light
Page 134 and 135:
Table 1. Variations in yield parame
Page 136 and 137:
Discussion A comparison of the conc
Page 138 and 139:
Results and discussion Biomass prod
Page 140 and 141:
Kim HY, Lieffering M, Kobayashi K,
Page 142 and 143:
Redesigning photosynthesis There ar
Page 144 and 145:
Table 1. Crop growth duration, grai
Page 146 and 147:
Area (million ha) 40 35 30 25 Area
Page 148 and 149:
A large-grain rice cultivar, Akita
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panicle (harvest index) was higher
Page 152 and 153:
Table 1. Selected super hybrid rice
Page 154 and 155:
Table 1. Yield performance and grai
Page 156 and 157:
Dry weight (g plant -1 ) 80 70 Root
Page 158 and 159:
Cytokinin as a causal factor of var
Page 160 and 161:
Table 1. Comparisons of nitrogen co
Page 162 and 163:
Calculation Total leaf area (a): 2,
Page 164 and 165:
spikelets per panicle has proven to
Page 166 and 167:
Developing aerobic rice in Brazil B
Page 168 and 169:
Table 2. Grain quality data of repr
Page 170 and 171:
Table 1. Progress in the transfer o
Page 172 and 173:
Panaud O, Vitte C, Hivert J, Muzlak
Page 174 and 175:
Jahan MS, Nishi A, Hamid A, Satoh H
Page 176 and 177:
Among the first set of IRRI-bred CM
Page 178 and 179:
Virmani SS, Mao CX, Toledo RS, Hoss
Page 180 and 181:
action in conferring a higher level
Page 182 and 183:
Genetic evolution of Rf1 locus for
Page 184 and 185:
A polygenic balance model in yield
Page 186 and 187:
Table 2. Phenotypic effects of each
Page 188 and 189:
fied inbred seeds, for a 34% advant
Page 190 and 191:
Trends in crop establishment method
Page 192 and 193:
Table 2. Economic returns to differ
Page 194 and 195:
Table 1. Weed growth and yield loss
Page 196 and 197:
Kim SC, Moody K. 1989. Germination
Page 198 and 199:
Pushing resistance (g culm -1 ) 100
Page 200 and 201:
Table 1. Recommended target yield c
Page 202 and 203:
Table 1. Relative distribution (%)
Page 204 and 205:
Table 2. Average seeding rates (in
Page 206 and 207:
Table 1. Effect of rice establishme
Page 208 and 209:
Emerging issues in weed management
Page 210 and 211:
References Abdullah MZ, Vaughan DA,
Page 212 and 213:
Biomass (g m -2 ) at 28 DAT 10 2000
Page 214 and 215:
Seedling recruitment in direct-seed
Page 216 and 217:
Biomass (mg) 9 Echinochloa crus-gal
Page 218 and 219:
Fig. 1. Conventional herbicide appl
Page 220 and 221:
Table 1. Effect on SU-R SCPJO (Scir
Page 222 and 223:
Single-seed weight (mg) 150 100 50
Page 224 and 225:
growth but the lack of sustained fl
Page 226 and 227:
Crop establishment Can field be dra
Page 228 and 229:
Dry weight (g m -2 ) 40 35 30 Minor
Page 230 and 231:
Site selection Support services Bio
Page 232 and 233:
Notes Authors’ addresses: R. Mana
Page 234 and 235:
SESSION 7 Improving efficiency thro
Page 236 and 237:
contact length of the braked track
Page 238 and 239:
Automatic hose winding device for p
Page 240 and 241:
chart. The goal of this technology
Page 242 and 243:
2,200 1,200 Gasoline engine Convert
Page 244 and 245:
Characteristics of the long-mat sys
Page 246 and 247:
Seedling press controls Folders for
Page 248 and 249:
controller (PLC) (KZ-350, Keyence C
Page 250 and 251:
Chemical hopper Water nozzle Agitat
Page 252 and 253:
The rice direct-seeding system usin
Page 254 and 255:
according to the improvement in wat
Page 256 and 257:
SESSION 8 Improving rice quality CO
Page 258 and 259:
lmax of fraction 1 (iodine) (nm) r
Page 260 and 261:
Table 1. Grain characteristics of s
Page 262 and 263:
New tools for understanding starch
Page 264 and 265:
fer between the plots, and the diff
Page 266 and 267:
Total saccharide ratio ( ) 12 Nippo
Page 268 and 269:
2001). In black rice, cyanidin-3-gl
Page 270 and 271:
DPPH • scavenging activity (mmol-
Page 272 and 273:
Table 2. Segregation of amylose con
Page 274 and 275:
Viscosity (cP) G1 with CuSO 4 2,400
Page 276 and 277:
Wrap-up of Session 8 Session 8 feat
Page 278 and 279:
Overview of rice and rice-based pro
Page 280 and 281:
The high level of antioxidants in r
Page 282 and 283:
sibility on the microorganism. From
Page 284 and 285:
The mutant rice, Goami 2, which has
Page 286 and 287:
are puffed rice, rice flakes, and s
Page 288 and 289:
Ohtsubo K, Nakamura S, Imamura T. 2
Page 290 and 291:
Hayashi R. 1987. Possibility of hig
Page 292 and 293:
Gluten-free rice bread Economical r
Page 294 and 295:
A - 3-10NL + B - 3-10NL + C - 3-10N
Page 296 and 297:
Table 1. Dynamic viscoelastic chara
Page 298 and 299:
Introducing soybean β-conglycinin
Page 300 and 301:
A I 135 - VNPHDHQNLKIIWKAIPVNKPGRYD
Page 302 and 303:
E. Champagne of the Southern Region
Page 304 and 305:
Postharvest technology for rice in
Page 306 and 307:
ning the mill using a steam engine
Page 308 and 309:
Table 1. Results of drying tests. I
Page 310 and 311:
Rice grits and their processing by
Page 312 and 313:
Sun Renewable resource Light Rice p
Page 314 and 315:
is an excellent UV absorbent, it is
Page 316 and 317:
Measuring principle A method to mea
Page 318 and 319:
Table 1. Average costs and returns
Page 320 and 321:
Improvements in postharvest facilit
Page 322 and 323:
The thermal conductivity of rough r
Page 324 and 325:
Table 1. Inventory results (inputs
Page 326 and 327:
genetics to modify rice end-use qua
Page 328 and 329:
The role of proteins in textural ch
Page 330 and 331:
References Arai E, Watanabe M. 1993
Page 332 and 333:
Table 2. Distribution of respondent
Page 334 and 335:
Multifunctional roles of paddy irri
Page 336 and 337:
Economic evaluation of the multifun
Page 338 and 339:
After all, the growing population o
Page 340 and 341:
Arguments for preserving irrigated
Page 342 and 343:
economy. China cannot rely on the i
Page 344 and 345:
Notes Authors’ addresses: Liu Yul
Page 346 and 347:
are further defined as water for pe
Page 348 and 349:
25 L. indica subsp. incnopnyiia N.
Page 350 and 351:
Hirai T, Hidaka K. 2002. Anuran-dep
Page 352 and 353:
Table 1. Methods to enhance the fun
Page 354 and 355:
Evaporation Methane emissions Rainf
Page 356 and 357:
Remediation effect of rice terraces
Page 358 and 359:
Paddy field dominance type River do
Page 360 and 361:
of the region have led to paddy ric
Page 362 and 363:
Paddy soils around the world K. Kyu
Page 364 and 365:
References Eswaran H, Moncharoen P,
Page 366 and 367:
Soil Cd content (mg kg -1 ) 0.6 0.5
Page 368 and 369:
Table 1. Rice grain yield average f
Page 370 and 371:
Site-specific nutrient management a
Page 372 and 373:
Table 1. Average fertilizer rates a
Page 374 and 375:
(A) Optimum land-use patterns and l
Page 376 and 377:
Forest destruction induced savanniz
Page 378 and 379:
Table 1. The amount and ratio of N
Page 380 and 381:
Methods UDP grain yield (t ha -1 )
Page 382 and 383:
Savant N, Stangel P. 1990. Deep pla
Page 384 and 385:
Recovery (%) 80 Clay loam Andisol 6
Page 386 and 387:
Phenol content (g kg -1 organic C)
Page 388 and 389:
Table 1. Change in organic matter c
Page 390 and 391:
paddy rice cropping was done in a c
Page 392 and 393:
Current techniques for reducing Cd
Page 394 and 395:
Clarke JM, Leisle D, Kopytko GL. 19
Page 396 and 397:
air phase, and low temperature, wer
Page 398 and 399:
In August, the increase in δ 18 O
Page 400 and 401:
WRC (m) 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.
Page 402 and 403:
SESSION 13 Farmers’ participatory
Page 404 and 405:
trolled-availability fertilizer,”
Page 406 and 407:
Table 1. Cost of cultivation and pr
Page 408 and 409:
Table 2. Average yield, costs, and
Page 410 and 411:
in groundwater irrigation systems.
Page 412 and 413:
Respondents (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 2
Page 414 and 415:
Farmer participation Collection IRR
Page 416 and 417:
Table 1. Numbers of rice varieties
Page 418 and 419:
the leaf color chart (LCC) for nitr
Page 420 and 421:
Gregorio GB, Salam MA, Karim NH, Se
Page 422 and 423:
Fig. 1. Farmers’ participatory re
Page 424 and 425:
Wrap-up of Session 13 Session 13 in
Page 426 and 427:
Local government Farmers and partic
Page 428 and 429:
SESSION 14 Potential for diversific
Page 430 and 431:
During the wet season, rice will co
Page 432 and 433:
(Singh et al 1986) as applied withi
Page 434 and 435:
Conclusions The results obtained in
Page 436 and 437:
and the crop diversification index
Page 438 and 439:
enhance the soil. Rice straw, other
Page 440 and 441:
Table 2. Results of the stochastic
Page 442 and 443:
Table 1. Agricultural and income ch
Page 444 and 445:
Table 2. Diversification changes in
Page 446 and 447:
ticipatory rural appraisal (PRA) me
Page 448 and 449:
Table 2. Estimates of poverty: by p
Page 450 and 451:
In vitro selection of somaclonal an
Page 452 and 453:
Table 2. Percentage of embryogenic
Page 454 and 455:
Relative elongation rate to the ini
Page 456 and 457:
Oryza glaberrima could be a source
Page 458 and 459:
Table 2. Analysis of chromosome reg
Page 460 and 461:
Managing iron toxicity in lowland r
Page 462 and 463:
References Audebert A, Sahrawat KL.
Page 464 and 465:
Nipponbare NIL-Pup1 t-test -P P upt
Page 466 and 467:
way of stress signal transduction i
Page 468 and 469:
References Jiang L, Rogers JC. 1999
Page 470 and 471:
Latitude (°N) 40 30 40 30 Japonica
Page 472 and 473:
Table 1. Mean values and range of r
Page 474 and 475:
tions of the marker-assisted breedi
Page 476 and 477:
Integrated biodiversity management
Page 478 and 479:
(economic injury level) and an exti
Page 480 and 481:
Table 2. Test on optimizing sprayin
Page 482 and 483:
Population density per hill log (n
Page 484 and 485:
of diseases and pests is unusually
Page 486 and 487:
Number of lesions per hill 35 30 25
Page 488 and 489:
cross populations of Vandana/Morobe
Page 490 and 491:
quantitative effects to be combined
Page 492 and 493:
were cobombarded into rice, they re
Page 494 and 495:
Table 1. Evaluation of allelopathic
Page 496 and 497:
1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fig. 1. Leaf bl
Page 498 and 499:
Wrap-up of Session 16 Pest manageme
Page 500 and 501:
International trade in rice: recent
Page 502 and 503:
In summary, it can be said that int
Page 504 and 505:
1,000 mt 600,000 500,000 World (Chi
Page 506 and 507:
Table 1. Income elasticity in stapl
Page 508 and 509:
country’s complete independence,
Page 510 and 511:
Review of existing global rice mark
Page 512 and 513:
tion is its inability to track dyna
Page 514 and 515:
Amount of rice purchased (kg mo -1
Page 516 and 517:
environmental concerns and recognit
Page 518 and 519:
Impacts of distorted trade policies
Page 520 and 521:
Index 3.0 2.5 Group 1 (high-income
Page 522 and 523:
Table 1. Outline of the Noguchi far
Page 524 and 525:
cally were the country’s main ric
Page 526 and 527:
Table 1. Coefficient of principal f
Page 528 and 529:
Comparison between groups G1 and G4
Page 530 and 531:
Table 2. Welfare impact of rice tra
Page 532 and 533:
are the major rice producers: part-
Page 534 and 535:
Table 1. Total area of agricultural
Page 536 and 537:
2. Reduce domestic support by 13% i
Page 538 and 539:
The rice economy and rice policy in
Page 540 and 541:
Construction of a rice production b
Page 542 and 543:
SESSION 19 Climate change and rice
Page 544 and 545:
R (relative yield) 2.0 1.5 Ueda et
Page 546 and 547:
Horie T. 2005. Determination of the
Page 548 and 549:
Estimated yield (t ha -1 ) 7 6 Norm
Page 550 and 551:
1951-52 1953-54 1957-58 1968-69 197
Page 552 and 553:
edge-based approaches and strategie
Page 554 and 555:
tion and sonication to understand t
Page 556 and 557:
CH 4 (mg g -1 soil d -1 ) 25 20 15
Page 558 and 559:
Watson JR. 1971. Ultrasonic vibrati
Page 560 and 561:
were in Hainan, Sichuan, Hubei, and
Page 562 and 563:
Impact of rising atmospheric CO 2 o
Page 564 and 565:
Table 1. A review of the effects of
Page 566 and 567:
Net photosynthetic rate (mmol m -2
Page 568 and 569:
Table 1. Effects of topdressing at
Page 570 and 571:
the effects of mid-season drainage
Page 572 and 573:
Data mining using combined yield an
Page 574 and 575:
A wireless sensor network with Fiel
Page 576 and 577:
Fig. 2. Surface of a rice leaf: liv
Page 578 and 579:
Takeoff Flight Over Japan Temp. cei
Page 580 and 581:
Distance education and eLearning fo
Page 582 and 583:
However, the continued involvement
Page 584 and 585:
Reference guides contain the field-
Page 586 and 587:
Applications for maintaining, updat
Page 588 and 589:
Study Applied by Property managemen
Page 590 and 591:
longer at the forefront in bringing
Page 592 and 593:
Fig. 3. July 2004. A planned Access
Page 594 and 595:
izers. However, the mixed N fertili
Page 596:
that the new method is useful. The
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