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vi Contents 2.6 Cytotoxicity 56 2.7 Conclusions 56 3. Electrochemical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots 63 Matteo Amelia, Alberto Credi, and Serena Silvi 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Basic Electronic Properties of QDs 64 3.3 Overview of Electrochemical Techniques Employed for the Investigations on QDs 67 3.3.1 Voltammetry 68 3.3.2 Electrochemiluminescence 70 3.3.3 Spectroelectrochemistry 71 3.4 CdSe Nanocrystals 72 3.4.1 Voltammetry 72 3.4.2 Electrochemiluminescence 78 3.4.3 Spectroelectrochemical Measurements 82 3.5 CdTe Nanocrystals 85 3.5.1 Voltammetric Measurements 85 3.5.2 Electrochemiluminescence 87 3.5.3 Spectroelectrochemical Measurements 89 3.6 Nanocrystals Functionalized with Electroactive Molecules 89 3.7 Applications of Electroactive Quantum Dots 92 3.7.1 Electrochemical QD Sensors 92 3.7.2 Electrochemiluminescent QD Sensors 95 3.7.3 QD-Based Electrochemical Signal Transducers 99 3.7.4 Other Systems 101 3.8 Conclusions 104 4. Electron Transfer Quenching for Biosensing with Quantum Dots 111 David E. Benson, Stacey R. De Haan, Chase E. Hulderman, and Marla D. Swain 4.1 Electron Transfer Quenching 113 4.2 Initial Receptor-Based Biosensors 119
Contents vii 4.3 Protease-Based Biosensors Show Multiplexing Ability 121 4.4 Recent Distance-Dependent Biosensors Demonstrate Analyte Modularity 122 4.5 Toward Biological Imaging of Analyte Concentrations 125 5. Quantum Dot Probes Based on Energy Transfer Mechanisms 135 John F. Callan, Bridgeen McCaughan, Colin Fowley, Narinder Singh, Navneet Kaur, and Suban Sahoo 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 pH, Ion and Small Molecule FRET Sensors 138 5.3 QD-Peptide/Oligonucleotide FRET Sensors 148 5.4 QD–Antibody Conjugates 152 5.5 QD FRET Probes for Enzyme Activity 154 5.6 Conclusions 158 6. Quantum Dot Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Toxicity in Bacteria: Mechanisms and Experimental Pitfalls 163 Jay Nadeau 6.1 Overview 163 6.2 Quantum Dots Cores, Shells, and Caps 164 6.3 Band Edge Energies and Possible Reactions in Solution 168 6.4 Measuring Reactive Oxygen Species in the Presence of QDs 171 6.5 Pitfalls: Dyes to Use with Caution 176 6.6 Deliberate Toxicity: Photosensitized QDs 177 6.7 Toxicity to Bacteria: Introduction 181 6.8 CdSe Core QDs 184 6.9 CdSe/ZnS and Photosensitization 193 6.10 Discussion 196 Index 205
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Page 7: Contents Preface ix 1. Quantum Dot
Page 12: Preface Although examples of electr

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