36 oja final test.pdf

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Communism in fact proved not the opposite of Nazism, but its kindred spirit. In obedience to Stalin, the German Communist party played Hitler’s game by helping to destroy the moderates, the Social Democrats, in a tacit collaboration with Nazism that the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939 brought into the open, and that made world war inevitable. In the last years of peace, living in Paris, Koestler came to realize that Communism was essentially a religious rather than a political phenomenon; it was a new faith based on Soviet mythology. The doctrine held that the ends justified the means, and that, he concluded, was the root of its evil. Liberated from the Party and in possession of inside knowledge of its workings, Koestler sat down to write Darkness at Noon. He modeled his hero Rubashov on Bukharin and Radek and other victims of Stalin’s recent and terrifying show trials. They were palpably not guilty of the accusations against them but confessed nonetheless. An astounded world wondered why they had consented to their own judicial murder. In Koestler’s account, the Party has higher but hidden reasons for demanding that these men confess to crimes they could not have committed. Since by definition the Party can do no wrong, their self-incrimination is a last service to it. “Die in silence” is a refrain running through the novel. The reality was far simpler: These unfortunates were tortured and their wives and families victimized because a paranoid Stalin saw them as rivals. Nonetheless this imaginative depiction of Communism in practice proved more powerful than any number of polemics, and soon gave Koestler his international reputation. 5. Koestler's opposition to Communism was based on his... A/ ethics B/ religion C/ biography D/ knowledge of history 6. Koestler was able to expose Communism by ... A/ alerting the public to the show trials B/ revealing the true motives behind the purges C/ his credibility as a former sympathizer D/ the artistic strength of his narrative 7. The text suggests that the German communists... A/ had a secret agreement with Hitler prior to 1939 B/ could have prevented the war C/ welcomed the Stalin-Hitler pact D/ shared some political objectives with Nazism 8. In comparison to its real-life version, Rubashov's story was somehow... A/ demonized B/ romanticized C/ brutalized D/ simplified 9. In his novel, Koestler shows the victims as ... A/ stripped of their faith B/ too weak to bear suffering C/ ready for the ultimate sacrifice D/ caring for their families 6
10. Oddly enough, having more military patients than can be adequately treated is, in terms of warfare, a gruesome kind of success. These are the war injured who once would have been the war dead. And it is __________ who in a previous medical era would have been fatalities that has sunk the outpatient clinics at Walter Reed Medical Center and left those in the VA system lost and adrift. A/ a far better protection for GIs C/ the unexpected number of casualties B/ faster battlefield diagnosis of those D/ true that the appearance of soldiers 11. Brookings data show that if the same share of adults were married today as in 1970, poverty would be reduced by more than a quarter. And yet young women who have a high school degree or less education __________, and about 40 percent of their babies are born outside marriage, quadrupling the chance that they and their babies will live in poverty. A/ prefer childbearing to college C/ delay decisions on education B/ increasingly do not marry D/ seem to ignore this fact 12. Veerappan was a diminished figure. His gang had dwindled to a handful, and had been infiltrated by the police. He was lured into a trap, __________ a phoney ambulance on his way, he thought, to have a cataract operation. A/ compromising his security on C/ tempting his luck on B/ leaving his forest hideout in D/ failing to collect a ransom from 13. Their lawsuit is part of a campaign by the Washington, D.C.-based Institute for Justice to restore respect for economic freedom by forcing governments to __________ between people and their chosen work. A/allow for more breathing space C/ clarify the legal conundrum B/ ensure a more just relationship D/ justify the barriers they erect 14. That fact is already changing the future of U.S. manufacturing. Companies such as Dow Chemical and Westlake Chemical are finding that low U.S. energy costs __________ labor in Asia — making it economical to keep and even build manufacturing facilities in the United States. A/ can mitigate the lower cost of C/ might become on a par with B/ combined with relatively cheap D/ no longer stifled by abundant 15. In interviews, Bergman repeatedly rejected the notion that any theoretical apparatus influenced his vision. Eschewing the thesis that __________ , he commented, “The people in my films are exactly like myself—creatures of instinct, of rather poor intellectual capacity, who at best only think while they’re talking. Mostly they’re body, with a little hollow for the soul.” A/ he had no philosophical agenda to put forward B/ religious faith played no role in his art C/ his existentialism was tainted with fear D/ his characters were vehicles for philosophical debates 7
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