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PANACAS The panaca was an institution peculiar to the royal Incas. It was composed of the descendants of a reigning emperor but excluded the ruler himself. The purpose and function of this organization was to preserve and protect after his death the emperor’s mummy, and his huaoque image, which was a statue that could stand in for the Sapa Inca at ceremonies when the ruler needed to be elsewhere. The members of a panaca acted as stewards of the palaces and royal estates. None of this wealth was passed on to the next ruler but was kept perpetually in the care of the panaca. Panacas were extremely powerful politically and no emperor could effectively rule without their consent. By the time of the Spanish Conquest, there were 11 panacas.
YANACONA A special class of people outside of the normal hierarchy but still subject to the nobility was the yanacona. It is not inappropriate to describe them as servants, but they were not ordinary servants. In fact, becoming a yanacona was one of the very few paths to upward mobility in the Incas Empire. As a class, they owed their loyalty to and received their support from individual nobles or emperors and sometimes were attached to institutions such as temples or royal estates. Yanacona severed all ties to their home communities. They also received the privileges of exemption from taxes and the authority of their native curaca, and their children could inherit yanacona status.
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CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS
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“The Arrival Of Cortez,” Diego
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THE CODEX BOTURINI: The departure o
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THE LONG MIGRATION CONTINUES: The A
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COYOLXAUHQUI DISMEMBERED This giant
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Teotihuacan (“Place of the Gods
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Royal Dynasty of Tenochtitlan
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Tribute to Tenochtitlan from an imp
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Rewards for taking prisoners in bat
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A scene of human sacrifice from the
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The Tudela Codex depicts various fo
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AZTEC CALENDAR STONE The Sun god To
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The Aztec New Fire Ceremony
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THE CODEX BORGIA A screen-fold of d
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Eight high lords of Tenochtitlan So
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A late-15 th C. Aztec Lord
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Aztec wooden-collar slaves
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Tenochtitlan (Mexico City): The hea
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A sculpture from the Templo Mayor a
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A map of the Metropolitan Region of
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Hiram Bingham Crossing The Urubama
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Part of the so-called House of the
Page 52: The Temple Of The Three Windows has
Page 55: Felipe Huaman Poma de Ayala - The m
Page 60 and 61: A statue of Manco Capac in Lima
Page 63 and 64: Chavin de Huantar: The centre for C
Page 65: Tiwanaku’s massive Gate Of The Su
Page 68 and 69: The ruins of Pikillacta, an old pro
Page 70 and 71: A statue of Prince Yupanqui or Pach
Page 72 and 73: Pachacuti as represented on a Cuzco
Page 74 and 75: Huayna Capac, The 11 th ruler of th
Page 76: The four suyus of Tawantinsuyu
Page 79 and 80: An Inca quipocamayoc
Page 82 and 83: Because their were no wheeled vehic
Page 84 and 85: A modern reconstruction of an Inca
Page 86 and 87: The son of a local leader, this mes
Page 88 and 89: A qollqa storage structure perched
Page 90 and 91: Inca terraces
Page 92 and 93: Inca engineers straightened the mea
Page 94 and 95: A statue of Pachucuti
Page 96 and 97: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURES: THE
Page 98 and 99: CURACAS At the local level Andean s
Page 100 and 101: An Inca Gold Figurine
Page 104 and 105: ACLLAS Another class operating outs
Page 106 and 107: A pair of nobles build walls symbol
Page 108 and 109: A re-creation of the Inti Raymi Fes
Page 110 and 111: A representation of an Inti Raymi F
Page 112 and 113: Bent in a fetal position, the seven
Page 115 and 116: The ruins of the ancient temple of
Page 117 and 118: To demonstrate the sizes of his mum
Page 119 and 120: At Diablo Huasi, just south of Pueb
Page 121: CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS • 1492:
Page 125: The meeting between Cortes and La M
Page 128 and 129: The coronation Of Moctezuma II (150
Page 130: Cortes sinks his fleet as represent
Page 134 and 135: The sacred volcano of Popocatepetl
Page 136 and 137: Cortes welcomed at the court of Mon
Page 138 and 139: Skull-mask representing God of Deat
Page 140 and 141: Montezuma is forced by the Spanish
Page 142 and 143: A smallpox pandemic devastates the
Page 144 and 145: According to Aztec sources, there w
Page 146: Portrait of Cortes as a Spanish gen
Page 150 and 151: Pizarro and Diego de Almagro sailin
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Francisco Pizarro demands a roomful
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The execution of Atahuallpa (1533)
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Remains of the palace of the Inca a
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Manco Inca leads the siege of Cuzco
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Tupac Amaru (executed by the Spanis
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The richest silver mines in the wor
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The Spanish in Florida in the 16 th
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Cabeza de Vaca depicted as a healer
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Bartoleme de Las Casas, A Short Acc
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Mural in today’s Cuzco commemorat
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Virgin of Carmen Festival held east
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Virgin of Guadalupe of Tepeyac, Mex
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Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe o
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Mexico City today. The Metropolitan
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The National Museum Of Anthropology
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