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The Australian corn crop In Australia corn is, comparatively speaking, a minor summer crop with an annual production of 350,000t – 450,000t, most of which is consumed domestically. Corn produced in Australia is approximately 50% rain grown or dryland and 50% grown with the assistance of irrigation. All Australian corn is non GMO. The peak body representing Australian corn growers and the industry at large is the Maize Association of Australia, with Tony Cogswell at the helm as President. For more details on the association go to www.maizeaustralia.com.au. Corn grain varies greatly from very soft (starchy) to very hard (hard endosperm), which determines end use. Before we segment the industry into grain types we should understand the different corn grain types. Scale of hardness SOFT/FLOURY STARCHY SEMI-DENT SEMI-FLINT HARD/FLINT dk 477 Hycorn 901 Hycorn 345IT Burst Hycorn 504 Hycorn 727 Hycorn 533 Hycorn 424 Hycorn 675IT A typical analysis of flint and dent types on a dry basis is: FLINT Grown under the same conditions you would expect the highest protein to be in quick flint, followed by med-slow flint, quick dent and the lowest in med-slow dent. There can be two types of starch contained in corn: Regular yellow corn and white corn contains approximately 73% amylopectin and 27% amylose. 4 Waxy corn produces 100% amylopectin. DENT Starch content (%) 66.5 72.0 Protein content (%) 13.5 10.0 Oil content (%) 6.0 5.0 Fibre content (%) 14.0 13.0 4 Hi-amylose can be up to 80-90% amylose and 10-20% amylopectin. 4 14% moisture content is the industry delivery standard and a safe storage level. About the corn plant and environment Although corn is a summer crop it is not a heat loving plant like cotton (an arid plant). Corn is a sub-tropical plant rather than a temperate plant and therefore prefers milder conditions with plenty of sunshine without excessive heat. As well as being temperature sensitive, the corn plant is also sensitive to day length. Corn is a ‘short day’ plant as the day length (photoperiod) shortens, so does the time from germination to initiation of floral parts. Critical day length appears to be between 14.5 and 15 hours. This means corn grown between latitudes 23° north and 23° south do not experience long days. Considerable genetic variation for photoperiod sensitivity exists in corn germplasm. There is also an interaction between day length and temperature which also has considerable genetic variability. As a result of these characteristics of the corn plant the same hybrid planted in the south compared to the tropical north will take longer to flower, will have more leaves and will be taller. 12 Pacific Seeds Yearbook 2010/2011 - Hybrid Corn
Stage Emergence VE V2 V5 V8 V12 V16 R1 PM HARVEST 2 leaves fully emerged 5 leaves fully emerged Tassel & ear initiation 8 leaves fully emerged 12 leaves 16 leaves Pollination 20 leaves Planting Days -7 0 7 21 35 46 56 63 105 130 Growth Stages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Adapted from Date, A.B. Shaw, A.J., and Sykes, J.K. (1990), Weed control in summer crops 1990, NSW Agriculture & Fisheries The stages of grain fill in corn Pollination Cell division Starch deposition Protein deposition 65 days Drydown 1. Pollination Stress will reduce the number of grains set but not grain quality. 2. Cell division Stress will prevent proper cell division and can reduce grain size but not protein/starch components. Bushel weight can be affected in some genotypes. 3. Starch deposition Stress will reduce starch deposition and change protein/starch ratio and seriously affect density and milling qualities. 4. Protein deposition Stress at this stage has the greatest effect on grain density and millability. The storage proteins are laid down late in grain fill and act as a super glue to bind the starch granules into a very dense matrix. The role of nitrogen is critical in late grain fill to make or break ‘grits’ corn, of the right genotype. Low N = Low protein (< 8.5 %) = Starch type High N = High protein (8.5 – 10 %) = Grit type Sunlight provides the energy needed to produce starch. Southern Australia’s long sunny days of moderate temperatures are ideal and permit tall, leafy and high yielding plants. In association with a good soil structure, which allows rapid early root growth, a deep and dense root system will help ensure high yields. Unfortunately root growth will be restricted in areas with dense subsoils, hard setting topsoils, high water tables or salinity. In Northern New South Wales and Queensland higher rainfall is normally accompanied by increased cloud cover, shorter days and high average temperatures. Although most of these inland areas do have soils that are more fertile, with better water holding capacity than southern soils. The best corn hybrids have a genetic yield potential of around 36t/ha of grain. This potential depends on individual cases according to climate, time of planting, plant populations, soil types and pH, water management, nutrition, weed control, presence of disease and other environmental factors. The yield potential in Australia is approximately 20 - 22t/ ha because of the harsher climate. We only have to look at seasons 2002/03, 2003/04 and 2005/06 to realize how harsh the conditions can be. Excessive daytime temperatures of 40°C+ coupled with night time temperatures of 28° – 30°C, for periods of up to 10 days, during the crucial pollination/ seed set period dramatically reduced yields. With this excessive heat it also stretched resources trying to keep moisture up to these crops at such a critical time. Pacific Seeds Yearbook 2010/2011 - Hybrid Corn 13
Page 1 and 2: corn product information contents:
Page 3 and 4: feed corn - 115 CRM Hycorn ® 424 S
Page 5 and 6: feed corn - 118 CRM Hycorn ® 675IT
Page 7 and 8: “Large girthy cobs - more grain;
Page 9 and 10: GRIT corn - 119 CRM Hycorn 345IT* p
Page 11: Variety CRM Grain End Use Plant typ
Page 15 and 16: The big three primary nutrients req
Page 17 and 18: nucleic acids for reproduction and
Page 19 and 20: It is important to base irrigation
Page 21 and 22: plus deep ripping seem to have an a
Page 23 and 24: From the moment you sow and through
Page 25 and 26: seed can be bought in six different
Page 27 and 28: Growth stages during which symptoms
Page 29 and 30: After the corn has been harvested i
Page 31 and 32: 4 above ground bunker or stack silo
Page 33 and 34: Silo gases - DANGER! The fermentati

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