Manual for the Benzodiazepine Dependence Questionnaire (BDEPQ)

DEVELOPMENT 13
per day with a recommended dose for `ambulatory patients' of 6 to 9mg per
day (Badewitz-Dodd, 1992). Thus participants are on average above the recommended
therapeutic range. As there is no widely accepted criteria for a high does
of BZDs, 100mg per day was chosen. Taking the upper estimate of diazepamequivalent
dose, 14.4% of the sample were taking the equivalent ofover 100mg of
diazepam each dayinthetwo weeks prior to the survey. When the lower estimates
were used 4:5% were taking the equivalent of more than 100mg of diazepam a day.
No data were collected in the NHS interviews about the actual dosages of BZDs
taken so no comparison point isavailable for this variable. However it appears
that doses of BZDs taken by the sample are more than is recommended by drug
companies. The sample also contains some people who may be considered to be
high dose BZD users.
The dose weighted average half-lives of the BZDs taken by each respondent
were calculated using the methods described above. The mean dose weighted
average half-life was 17:5 hours (sd =10:9�n = 260). Comparison with Table 3
indicates that the sample is not restricted to either long or short half-life BZDs
but is made up of people using a representative selection of BZDs.
The generic names of the BZDs taken are shown at the bottom of Table 4. The
most frequently reported BZD was temazepam (Normison, Euhypnos or Temaze),
with 40:1% of the sample using this medication in the last two weeks. Temazepam
is primarily indicated for night sedation and its dominant use by the sample is
consistent with the predominant use of BZDs for sleep problems reported above.
Estimates of the BZDs used in the Australian population are also shown in Table 4.
In the population, it is estimated that oxazepam (Serepax, Murelax, or Antenex)
is the most frequently used BZD. A goodness-of- t test showed that there was
a signi cant lack of tbetween the sample and the population estimates ( 2
12 =
107:32�p < :05).
In summary, the sample recruited in the development sample is not restricted
to low or high dose users of BZDs, nor does it focus on people using BZDs for
day time sedation alone. The BZDs taken by respondents represent the full range
of BZDs taken by the Australian population in both type and half-life. The use
of BZDs in the sample was also di erent from the population estimates with the
sample more likely to use BZDs more frequently, for longer and for night sedation.
Thus it is likely that the sample is drawn from the longer term chronic user of
high therapeutic doses of BZDs.
Dependence on benzodiazepines
The level of dependence on BZDs in the sample was assessed in three ways:
CIDI diagnoses for those interviewed by phone, retrospective rating of the BWSQ,
and a global rating of dependence or addiction made by respondents.