Cornelian cherry germplasm resources of Turkey

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S. Ercýslý open pollinated seedlings of wild varieties. Only 3% of cultivated trees are propagated by grafting, mostly in the provinces of Bursa, Malatya and Yalova. Seedling populations in different regions of Turkey are very diverse and may prove to be sources of valuable donors for future breeding programs. Cornelian cherry breeding programs have been established in different regions of Turkey since the 1990s. Some promising selections were released in 1993. Fortunately, pests and diseases are rarely serious problems with the heterogeneous seedling populations that occur in Turkey. The main goals of these breeding programs are to improve productivity and fruit characteristics, such as size, shape, color, flavor and nutritional value (Karadeniz, 1995). Table 2. Selected fruit properties of Cornelian cherry genotyes from Turkey Location Konya Trabzon Zonguldak Malatya Bursa Giresun Coruh Fruit weight [g] Fruit lenght [mm] Fruit width [mm] 3.65 4.57 1.31 2.88 2.28 4.07 1.02 4.07 1.67 6.53 1.66 3.22 2.90 5.20 18.31 21.23 14.32 22.35 13.87 16.42 14.09 23.51 16.10 27.77 15.30 19.30 17.00 25.01 13.79 16.10 11.29 14.57 17.97 23.51 9.46 16.42 10.70 18.00 11.62 14.92 13.10 19.20 Flesh/stone ratio TSS [%] Vitamin C [mg/100 ml] Altitude [m] – – – 1200 3.206.90 8.013.5 – 300 5.007.25 2.79 7.2 2.057.42 2.977.38 6.009.40 12.1 16.9 11.7 22.5 11.7 22.5 10.0 18.5 11.5 16.8 – 300 49122 1100 Refernces Turkoglu et al., 1999 Karadeniz et al., 2001 Yalcinkaya and Eti, 2000 Yalcinkaya et al., 1999 – 1100 Eris et al.,1992 – 300 Karadeniz, 1995 36106 900 Pirlak et al., 2003 Selected fruit properties of Cornelian cherry genotypes from different provinces of Turkey are presented in Table 2. Fruit weight ranged from 1.0 to 6.5 grams, fruit length from 1.3 to 2.8 cm, fruit width from 0.9 to 2.3 cm, flesh to stone ratio from 2.0 to 9.4, soluble solids content from 8.0 to 22.5%, and vitamin C content from 36 to 122 mg/100 g. The trees were found growing anywhere from 300 to 1200 meters above sea level. In spite of recent progress in the breeding programs, consumers are still not completely satisfied with fruit quality. Future breeding programs need to take into account the requirements of producers, distributors and consumers. Genetic Erosion Important sources of Cornelian cherry germplasm are being lost because stands are being cut to produce walking sticks, especially in northwestern Turkey. In other regions of the country, deforestation also threatens to eradicate Cornelian cherry populations. Special locations have to be demarcated to protect the genetic resource of native Cornelian cherry trees. 90 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. Special ed. vol. 12, 2004: 8792
Cornelian cherry germplasm resources of Turkey It is not known how the various Cornelian cherry genotypes in Turkey are related to each other. Genotypes have to be collected from the field and assembled in suitable locations where they can be systematically evaluated. It would also be useful to have a centralized location for evaluation, selection, breeding, propagation and distribution. Efforts are underway to establish a centralized collection at the Ataturk Central Horticultural Research Institute in Yalova. The collection and evaluation of Cornelian cherry genotypes should be given very high priority because many genotypes are in danger of being lost. These genotypes are indispensable for increasing the commercial potential of cultivated Cornelian cherry varieties. The first step in the conservation process is to identify threatened populations and develop effective strategies to protect them. The best longterm strategy is to introduce selected productive genotypes into state and private nurseries and orchards. Genetic resources provide a sustainable source of genetic raw material for improving cultivated varieties. They contain unique naturally selected coadapted gene constellations which determine adaptability and productivity. Therefore, the conservation of genetic resources is of paramount importance for reliable and sustainable food production for future generations. REFERENCES Anonymous 2001. Agricultural Structure (Production, Price, Value). State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey. 600 p. Baytop T. 1984. Turkiyede Bitkilerle Tedavi. I.U.ECZACILIK FAK. YAY. 40: 298299. Chamberlain D.F. 1972. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. In: P.H. Davis (ed.). Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 54041. Chiej R. 1984. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald Company, 356 p. Ercisli S. 2004. A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. GEN. RES. CROP EVOL. 51: 419435. Eris A. Soylu A. Barut E. Dalkılıç Z. 1992: The selection studies on cornelian cherry cultivars grown in Bursa Region. Proc 1 st Nat. Hort. Con. 20 24 September 1992, pp. 499502. Karadeniz T. 1995. A study on the selection of native cornelian cherries grown in Gorele district in Turkey. BAHCE 24(12): 3644. Karadeniz T. 2000. Selection of native cornelian cherries grown in Turkey. J. AMER. POMOL. SOC. 56(3): 164167. Karadeniz T. Kalkisim O. Baltaci C. 2001. The investigation on pomological characteristics of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) grown in Trabzon. Proc. 1 st Nat. Stone Fruits Symp., 2528 September 2001, Yalova, pp. 307311. Kayacik H. 1966. Orman ve park ağaçlarının özel sistematiği, IU ORMAN FAK. YAY 106/3: 164169. Pirlak L. Guleryuz M. Bolat I. 2003. Promising cornelian cherries (Cornus mas L.) from the Northeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. J. AMER. POMOL. SOC. 57(1): 1418. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. Special ed. vol. 12, 2004: 8792 91
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