19. Pastoral Letters: 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus - Augsburg Fortress

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434 Copyrighted Material Augsburg Fortress Publishers The Writings of the New Testament antithetically (12–49), and at the conclusion there is a re-presentation of models for imitation (50–51). So also in 2 Timothy we find the elements of memory, model, and maxims. This classification helps explain the polemic against false teachers. We are given little specific information about them, despite the naming of Phygelus, Hermogenes (1:15), Hymenaeus, and Philetus (2:17). They claim that the resurrection is already past (2:18), but apart from that, they are characterized mainly by their methods, which involve harsh disputation (2:16, 23) and the intellectual seduction of uneducated women (3:6), as well as their morals, which are obviously poor. Much of this takes the form of stereotypical slander, like that used by Hellenistic philosophers when attacking each other. Yet Paul never attacks them directly. His concern is for his delegate, and he thus alternates characterizations of them with direct commands to Timothy. The false teachers thereby become the negative model Timothy is to avoid. The same use of polemic can be found in protreptic (i.e., exhortatory) discourse addressed to wouldbe philosophers: slander establishes a counter-type to the ideal teacher (cf. Dio Oration 77/78; Lucian Demonax; Epictetus Discourses III.22). Second Timothy has the overall form of a personal parenetic letter, with the elements of polemic being utilized to develop more fully what Timothy is to avoid. The structure of 2 Timothy therefore is: the presentation of Paul as a model (1:3—2:13); maxims for Timothy as a teacher, presented in contrast to the false teachers (2:14— 4:5); and the re-presentation of Paul as a model (4:6-18). Paul, the Model for Teaching and Suffering (2 Timothy 1:3—2:13) The motifs of memory and model open the letter. In the face of the opposition and success of rival teachers, Timothy is encouraged to “endure,” particularly since his “father” Paul has little hope for release from prison. The thanksgiving typically anticipates Paul’s main point: he “remembers” Timothy (1:3), “remembers” his tears (1:4), and “remembers” the sincere faith he had learned from his mother and grandmother (1:5). When Paul adds, “...a faith, which I am sure, dwells in you” (1:5), he reveals his true emphasis: he clearly wants to “remind” Timothy of the qualities and dispositions to which he was called. He was not given a spirit of timidity (or, cowardice: deilia) but one of “power and love and self-control” (1:7). Paul wants to “stir up” in him (1:6) this gift of power and confidence, so he will persevere in his ministry. The prevalent early Christian motif of “endurance” and “steadfastness” in the midst of trials takes on a practical edge here in 2 Timothy (cf. James 1:12). Paul presents himself as a model for Timothy, who can find in him the “pattern of healthy teaching” (1:13). Timothy can preserve it, since it has been entrusted to him by “the Holy Spirit dwelling in us” (1:14). Paul is more than a source of proper teaching. He is the example of how to suffer for the gospel amidst adversity. Timothy is told, “Don’t be ashamed” of testifying to the Lord; he is to “take a share of suffering for the
Copyrighted Material 1 Augsburg timothy, Fortress 2 timothy, Publishers titus 435 gospel” (1:8). Paul too had been appointed a “preacher and apostle and teacher” of this “good news” (1:11), and “therefore I suffer as I do, but I am not ashamed” (1:12). Timothy should not therefore draw back because of suffering he may encounter for the “good news.” He is able to keep going because of God’s power (1:8), the indwelling Spirit (1:14), and the certainty of God’s promise (1:12). The mention of Onesiphorus in 1:15-18 is not beside the point. Because he provided help (“often refreshed me”) and did so despite Paul’s captivity, he provides Timothy with another example: “He was not ashamed of my chains” (1:16). As Paul can look forward to a reward from God for his suffering (1:12), so he can pray, “May the Lord grant to him to find mercy from the Lord on that day” (1:18). Timothy, in other words, is not alone in “sharing the suffering” for the good news, and should take encouragement in that fact. The second aspect of Timothy’s role is suggested in 2:2. He is to entrust the “sound teaching” to others who in turn will be able to teach. Timothy is not only a Christian who lives the gospel and suffers for it. His suffering occurs precisely because he is a teacher of the “good news.” The focus therefore turns to his ministry of teaching, particularly regarding the attitudes he himself should have and should inculcate in others. Before turning to that role (2:14—4:5), however, Paul offers a series of models to which Timothy can look for encouragement. The advice,“Take your share of suffering as a good soldier of Jesus Christ” (2:3), suggests the first. The soldier, athlete, and farmer are all stock examples for exhortation in Hellenistic moral teaching (cf. 1 Cor. 9:7-27). Paul here emphasizes their attention to duty. The soldier does not get distracted by extraneous affairs; the athlete competes by the rules; and the farmer works hard. Reward only follows upon this devotion: the soldier pleases his recruiter; the athlete receives the crown; and the farmer enjoys the first fruits of the crop (2:3-6). Paul saves his most important example till last: “Remember Jesus Christ, risen from the dead, descended from David, as preached in my gospel” (2:8). Once again, we see here the note of memory. Further, Paul specifies his gospel as “. . . the gospel for which I am suffering” (2:9). In fact, Paul endures suffering so that others might attain salvation (2:10). The implication is that Jesus likewise suffered and died, “so that life and immortality might be brought to light through the gospel” (1:10). Here, then, as in chapter 2 of Philippians, Jesus becomes the model par excellence for imitation. So Paul reminds Timothy of the “faithful word” (2 Tim. 2:11-13): If we have died with him we shall also live with him. If we endure, we shall reign with him. If we deny him, he will also deny us. If we are faithless, he remains faithful, for he cannot deny himself. The first three lines of this apparently traditional saying have perfect internal symmetry: as we are toward God, so God will be toward us. Suffering now with Jesus will bring glory later with Jesus; endurance will bring rule; denial, denial. But the final line
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19. Pastoral Letters: 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus - Augsburg Fortress

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