Energy Consumption in Tertiary Buildings in Sweden - Case-study

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kind of buildings (Swedish Energy Agency 2011). The distribution of these potential savings can be seen in Table 3. Table 3: Estimated potentials for electricity efficiencies for lighting and ventilation. Source Anders Göransson trhough Swedish Energy Agency 2011 Offices Lighting/operating time adapted Bulbs Changed to low-energy lamps Fluorescent lamps conventional operation changed to T5 tubes Adaption of ventilation system's operating times Ventilation flow adapted Total Schools Bulbs Changed to low-energy lamps Fluorescent lamps conventional operation changed to T5 tubes Adaption of ventilation system's operating times Ventilation flow adapted Better ventilation units (SFP=2) Total Care centers Bulbs Changed to low-energy lamps Fluorescent lamps conventional operation changed to T5 tubes Adaption of ventilation system's operating times Better ventilation units (SFP=2) Total 0.05 TWh 0.05 TWh 0.2 TWh 0.19 TWh 0.11 TWh 0.6 TWh 0.06 TWh 0.36 TWh 0.27 TWh 0.12-0.33 TWh 0.1 TWh 0.9-1.1 TWh 0.05 TWh 0.19 TWh 0.22 TWh 0.14 TWh 0.5 TWh Changing fluorescent lamps with conventional ballast to T5 tubes could save a total of 750 GWh per year in this kind of buildings. While improvements in ventilation systems could achieve up to 700 GWh per year. These figures show the great potential of energy saving in tertiary just by improving the equipment. 8
Energy behaviour Energy consumption level is influenced mostly by equipment’s energy efficiency, consumers’ behaviour, their comfort and income levels (Apolinario, I. et al, 2009). Energy savings are usually achieved by consumers’ investments in more efficient equipment or by changes in habits. To change patterns of behaviours might reduce household use of energy up to 22% in US (Laitner et al 2009). Reported savings reached by intervention programmes on energy behaviour were between 3-22% for electricity (Uitdenbogerd et al 2007). Unlike most consumer goods, electrical and heating energy consumption remains invisible to the consumer’s eye, and also in a direct way to the consumer’s pocket since the electricity bill is usually paid through a bank account monthly or bimonthly. The common way to know the consumption is through a monthly/bimonthly bill. This issue has been highlighted by many researchers (Ehrhardt-Martinez 2011, Faruqui et al. 2009). The problem is even worse in tertiary sector where the real consumers get no feedback about their consumption. Usually employees don’t have a limit for their energy use. They don’t have to justify their energy consumption and the expense is borne by the employer without considering if there has been a waste. Feedback is been proved to be the best tool to get energy savings although there is little evidence on which kind of feedback is most effective. A variety of feedback initiatives have reduced electricity consumption between 4-12% (Edrhardt- Martinez et al 2010). Darby (2006) concluded after a literature review that it’s possible to get savings between 5-15% with direct feedback such as smart meters, and between 0-10% with indirect feedback such as more frequent and detailed bills. Giving feedback the problem of energy invisibility can be partially solved. Other methods to get energy savings by changing behaviour have been prove to be less effective. However those methods are still interesting. Tiedemann et al (2011) modelled the effectiveness of different measures. The conclusion showed that even if feedback was the most effective measure, it could be complemented by other measures such as rewards and information campaigns to improve the effectiveness. This study also concluded that to set goals was not really effective but there was still a chance to get energy savings by establishing goals. 9
Page 1 and 2: ISRN LUTMDN/TMHP--11/5244--SE Energ
Page 3 and 4: Thesis for the Degree of Master of
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements Thanks to Jurek Py
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION Background The energy
Page 9 and 10: Methodology Energy profile and appl
Page 11 and 12: LITERATURE SURVEY Tertiary building
Page 13: Lighting and fans represent, with t
Page 17 and 18: AH is divided in six delegations ac
Page 19 and 20: RESULTS Electrical appliances use T
Page 21 and 22: However there is one of these appli
Page 23 and 24: saving of more than 23%. In energy
Page 25 and 26: 400,0 350,0 300,0 Load [kWh/h] 250,
Page 27 and 28: CONCLUSSION AND DISCUSSION In this
Page 29 and 30: REFERENCES Akademiska Hus, 2010a: A
Page 31 and 32: Recommended literature Andersson Ch
Page 33 and 34: APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 ENERGY BEHAVI
Page 35 and 36: 11. How much do you use artificial
Page 37 and 38: COFEE ROOM / KITCHEN 22. What do yo
Page 39: ANVÄNDING AV EL PÅ MITT KONTOR In

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