Handbook Rural Extension Volume 2.pdf - agriwaterpedia.info

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3 Basic concepts for extension ....................................................................48 3.1 Explanation of the selection and use of concepts...................................................48 3.2 Framework model of extension................................................................................51 3.3 Four reference examples from extension practice.................................................53 3.4 Behaviour and behaviour modification ..................................................................55 3.5 Perception and defence mechanisms.......................................................................58 3.6 Problem solving and decision making.....................................................................61 3.7 Groups and group processes.....................................................................................71 3.8 Social structure and the institutions of society.......................................................74 3.9 Culture.........................................................................................................................75 3.10 Communication ..........................................................................................................77 3.10.1 Direct personal communication...................................................................................77 3.10.2 Public community communication..............................................................................79 3.10.3 Communication via technical media...........................................................................80 3.10.4 Communication networks............................................................................................81 3.11 Structuring of learning processes ............................................................................83 3.12 Organization and management................................................................................85 3.13 Knowledge management ...........................................................................................89 3.14 Innovation and change management ......................................................................94 3.14.1 The diffusion of innovations........................................................................................94 3.14.2 Change management in communities and organizations.........................................105 4 Extension content ................................................................................................108 4.1. The research extension continuum........................................................................109 4.2 The yield gap.............................................................................................................110 4.3 Research extension links .........................................................................................113 4.4 Information needs analysis .....................................................................................115 4.5 Facilitating farmer experimentation and participatory technology development ..............................................................................................................117 4.6 Scaling up and out, or simply diffusion? ..............................................................119 5 Extension methods..............................................................................................121 5.1 Individual extension.................................................................................................122 5.1.1 The extension talk ......................................................................................................123 5.1.2 Individual extension on the farm...............................................................................125 5.1.3 Individual extension in the office or home of the field adviser ...............................125 X
5.1.4 Individual extension by telephone and through letters or e-mail............................. 126 5.1.5 Individual extension in the market place and religious places ................................ 126 5.2 Group extension ....................................................................................................... 127 5.2.1 Formation of groups................................................................................................... 128 5.2.2 Settings for working with groups.............................................................................. 128 5.2.2.1 Group discussion........................................................................................................129 5.2.2.2 “Extension group” – extension circle........................................................................ 131 5.2.2.3 Demonstrations ..........................................................................................................132 5.2.2.4 Field trips, farm visits, excursions............................................................................. 135 5.2.2.5 Extension work in training centres............................................................................ 137 5.2.2.6 Extension in rural schools.......................................................................................... 138 5.3 Extension for a larger public.................................................................................. 140 5.3.1 Information meeting .................................................................................................. 141 5.3.2 Field day ..................................................................................................................... 142 5.3.3 Agricultural competitions/contests............................................................................ 144 5.3.4 Agricultural shows, exhibitions ................................................................................ 145 5.3.5 Campaigns.................................................................................................................. 147 6 Use of extension aids and media .................................................................. 151 6.1 The potential of media............................................................................................. 151 6.2 Types of extension aids............................................................................................ 152 6.2.1 The spoken and written word .................................................................................... 155 6.2.2 Pictorial illustration....................................................................................................157 6.2.3 Slides and films..........................................................................................................159 6.2.4 Video recordings........................................................................................................ 161 6.2.5 Radio and television................................................................................................... 161 6.2.6 Three dimensional presentation ................................................................................ 162 6.2.7 Methods of live presentation ..................................................................................... 163 6.3 ICT – an integrative media tool ............................................................................. 163 7 Organizing and managing extension ........................................................... 165 7.1 Organizational issues in extension......................................................................... 165 7.1.1 Forms and types of extension organizations............................................................. 165 7.1.2 Differentiating between public and private interest ................................................. 166 7.1.3 Financing extension services..................................................................................... 167 XI
Page 1 and 2: Handbook: Rural Extension Volume 2
Page 3: About CTA The Technical Centre for
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Vol. 2 Table of C
Page 9 and 10: D 8 D 9 A table of contents of an e
Page 11: H 5 Carl Rogers: Client centered co
Page 15: 8.4.2.4 Backstopping and accompanim

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