EPA 560/5-85-024 Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing ...

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Figure 2. Comparison of measured airborne asbestos concentrations in three settings.* Asbestos insulation workplaces before 1970 (NIOSH 1972) School buildings (USEPA 1983b, Chesson et al. 1985 a,b) Outdoor ambient air (USEPA 1983b, Chesson et al. 1985 a,b) 25% 75% Percentiles 0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 Nanograms per cubic meter *Levels in asbestos workplaces were derived from measurements using phase contrast microscopy (PCM) while levels in school buildings and outdoors were measured using electron microscopy (EM). PCM and EM measurements are not directly comparable. PCM measures all fibers whereas EM can distinguish between asbestos and nonasbestos fibers. In addition, EM has a better capability than PCM for detecting small fibers. In order to translate the workplace PCM measurements (expressed as fiber counts) into values of asbestos mass (nanograms) that are approximately comparable to EM measurements, 30 fibers were assumed to equal one nanogram. This value is an average obtained from many comparisons of PCM and EM measurements taken at the same location (industrial settings) and time. Values for individual samples range from about 10 fibers per nanogram of asbestos to well over 100 fibers per nanogram, depending on the average size of fibers and the relative number of asbestos and nonasbestos fibers in the air (Versar 1980 and William Nicholson, personal communication, 1982). 1-4
1.4 Federal Regulations Regarding Asbestos in Buildings Both EPA and OSHA have published regulations to reduce asbestos exposure. EPA regulations focus on: (1) application and removal of ACM in new or remodeled buildings, and (2) identification of friable asbestos in schools. EPA also regulates the industrial emission of asbestos fibers and the disposal of asbestos waste. OSHA addresses worker protection in the workplace. The first EPA regulations were issued in 1973 under the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS), as authorized by the Clean Air Act. The first regulations were directed largely at the asbestos industries, but also partially banned spray-applied ACM in new buildings, and established procedures for handling ACM during demolition. The regulations were revised in 1975 and 1976 to cover building renovations, the use of all types of insulating ACM in new buildings, and asbestos emissions from ACM waste disposal. 4 Of particular interest to owners of buildings with ACM are the following regulations: ● When a building is demolished — or more than 260 linear ft. of asbestos pipe insulation or 160 sq. ft. of asbestos surfacing material are removed during renovation — advance notice must be filed with the EPA regional office and/or the state, giving: — name and address of the building owner or manager; — description and location of the building; — scheduled starting and completion dates of ACM removal; — description of the planned removal methods; and — name. address, and location of disposal site. ● ACM can be removed only with wet removal techniques (see Section 5.1). Dry removal is allowed only under special conditions and only with written EPA approval. ● No visible emissions of dust are allowed during removal, transportation, and disposal of ACM. (The wet removal techniques described in Section 5.1 are designed to satisfy this requirement.) The entire text of the NESHAPS regulations appears in Appendix C. Before beginning any ACM removal or building demolition, the building owner should review the NESHAPS requirements in detail. More information can be obtained from the regional NESHAPS contact. Addresses and telephone numbers of the contacts are found in Appendix D. The second set of EPA regulations is in the “Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools; identification and Notification Rule," (40 CFR Part 763) 5 promulgated under the Toxic Substances Control Act. Known as the Asbestos-in-Schools rule, it requires all primary and secondary schools, both public and private, to: ● inspect, sample, and analyze friable materials for asbestos; ● document all findings; and ● inform all school employees and the school’s parent-teacher organization (or parents, if there is no organized group) of the location of friable ACM, and provide each custodial worker with a copy of the EPA publication, “A Guide for Reducing Asbestos Exposure." as published in the FEDERAL REGISTER (40 CFR Part 763). 4 The complete set of regulations was repromulgated on April 5, 1984. 5 The deadline for compliance with the Rule was June 28, 1983. A Copy of the Rule is available from EPA. See Appendix E. 1-5
Page 2 and 3: NOTICE "Guidance for Controlling As
Page 4 and 5: NOTE TO SCHOOL DISTRICTS The regula
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPT
Page 8 and 9: DISCLAIMER This report was publishe
Page 10 and 11: Sims Roy, Office of Air Quality Pla
Page 12 and 13: INTRODUCTION SUMMARY OF GUIDANCE Ai
Page 14 and 15: — The need for further action.
Page 16 and 17: Friable materials are more likely t
Page 20 and 21: The OSHA regulations were first iss
Page 22 and 23: must be able to identify and assess
Page 24 and 25: 2.1.2 Obtaining Cooperation An ACM
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.2.2 Other Surfacing Materials T
Page 28 and 29: Boiler insulation may consist of th
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 3. ESTABLISHING A SPECIAL O
Page 32 and 33: ● HEPA-vacuum all carpets. ● We
Page 34 and 35: ● Wet-mop all other floors and du
Page 36 and 37: CHAPTER 4. ASBESTOS CONTROL BEYOND
Page 38 and 39: Current Condition of ACM Table 1. F
Page 40 and 41: Ceiling of a gymnasium in an elemen
Page 42 and 43: Potential for Future Damage, Distur
Page 44 and 45: Method Advantages Encapsulation Red
Page 46 and 47: Table 4. Assessment Table for Pipe
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 5. ABATEMENT METHODS: CHARA
Page 50 and 51: are required for removal of ACM and
Page 52 and 53: Figure 11. An asbestos removal proj
Page 54 and 55: Before enclosure Figure 12. An asbe
Page 56 and 57: Figure 13. An asbestos encapsulatio
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 6. CONDUCTING ABATEMENT PRO
Page 60 and 61: ● Encourage bidding competition,
Page 62 and 63: and the plastic sheets covering doo
Page 64 and 65: homogeneous site is assumed to be r
Page 66 and 67: ● Quality Control Checks: Use fie
Page 68 and 69:
USE PA. 1983b. U.S. Environmental P
Page 70 and 71:
Appendix A. (continued) Subdivision
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asbestos measured in air samples in
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Manufacturing means the combining o
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§61.147 Standard for demolition an
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particular dust by the manufacturer
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(b) There are the following excepti
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NESHAPs Contacts Appendix D. Addres
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Appendix E. Phone Numbers for Obtai
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Health, Education, and Welfare, und
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Legend Notation Do Not Remain in Ar
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Appendix G. Specifications for Samp
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Water can dislodge, delaminate, or
Page 94 and 95:
When assessing activity levels, con
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I.1 Notes to Appendix I The need fo
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Figure J-1, An example of a HEPA-fi
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single-phase, 60-cycle service. All
Page 102 and 103:
Figure J-2. Examples of negative pr
Page 104 and 105:
The HEPA filter should be replaced
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Appendix L. Guide Specifications fo
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M.1.3 Location of Samplers M.1.3.1
Page 110 and 111:
M.2.2 PCM Use the NIOSH P&CAM 239 m
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References Chatfield EJ. 1983. Meas
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50272-101 REPORT DOCUMENTATION 1. R
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EPA 560/5-85-024 Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing ...

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