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See Horney's New Ways in Psychoanalysis (New York: Norton, 1939),
chap. 4; and Fromm's "The Oedipus Complex and the Oedipus Myth," in
The Family: Its Function and Destiny, ed. R. N. Anshen (New York:
Harper, 1948). But see also Arnold W. Green's early, though still
acute, critique of these writers for their sociological naivete in
"Sociological Analysis of Horney and Fromm," American Journal of
Sociology, 51 (1946). A more recent and very perceptive treatment is
Anne Parsons, "Is the Oedipus Complex Universal? The Jones-Malinowski
Debate Revisited and a South Italian 'Nuclear Complex,'" in Man and
His Culture: Psychoanalytic Anthropology after 'Totem and Taboo', ed.
Warner Muensterberger (New York: Taplinger, 1969).
*(16) The two important early studies here, also mentioned in
Kline, Fact and Fantasy in Freudian Theory, are John Dollard et. al,
Frustration and Aggression (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939);
and N. E. Miller and R. Bugelski, "Minor Studies of Aggression: The
Influence of Frustrations Imposed by the In-Group on Attitudes
Expressed Towards Out-Groups," Journal of Psychology, 34 (1948).
*(17) Leo Postman, et. al, "Is There a Mechanism of Perceptual
Defense?" Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48 (1953);
Gerald S. Blum, "Perceptual Defense Revisited," Journal of Abnormal
and Social Psychology, 51 (1955). These works discuss the first of
the two methods mentioned. A fairly well-known example of the second
technique is I. M. Rosenstock, "Perceptual Aspects of Repression,"
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46 (1951).
*(18) David S. Holmes, "Investigations of Repression: Differential
Recall of Material Experimentally or Naturally Associated with Ego
Threat," Psychological Bulletin, 81 (1974), 649.
*(19) Freud, "On the History of the Psycho-analytic Movement," in
Standard Edition, ed. Strachey (1957), vol. 14, p. 16.
*(20) Holmes, "Investigations of Repression," 651.
*(21) On the relative unimportance of post-genital syndromes and on
the lack of any objective verification of their existence, see Kline,
Fact and Fantasy in Freudian Theory, pp. 11, 28-30, 44, 92-94.
*(22) Freud, "Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis," in
Standard Edition, ed. Strachey (1961), vol. 15, p. 208.
*(23) Frieda Goldman, "Breastfeeding and Character Formation,"
Journal of Personality, 17 (1948-49).
*(24) Charles A. Barnes, "A Statistical Study of the Freudian
Theory of Levels of Psychosexual Development," Genetic Psychology
Monographs, 45 (1952).
*(25) A. Lazare et. al, "Oral, Obsessive and Hysterical Personality
Patterns: An Investigation of Psychoanalytic Concepts by Means of
Factor Analysis," Archives of Genetic Psychiatry, 14 (1966). See also
the follow-up on this study, "Oral, Obsessive and Hysterical
Personality Patterns: Replication of Factor Analysis in an
Independent Sample," Journal of Psychiatric Research, 7 (1970).
*(26) Halla Beloff, "The Structure and Origin of the Anal
Character," Genetic Psychology Monographs, 55 (1957).
*(27) Paul Kline, "The Anal Character: A Cross-Cultural Study in
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