DAS-59 - Derriford Appearance Scales

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206 Tony Carr et al. Table 1. Clinical sample (N 5 1740) Pre-operative Post-operative NHS Private NHS Private Multi-centre Oxford Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth All clinical total Number 459 252 434 329 108 158 1740 Male 126 (27%) 56 (22%) 103 (24%) 38 (12%) 27 (25%) 14 (8%) 364 (21%) Mean age (SD) 39.9 (14.6) 28.3 (10.8) 33.6 (15.4) 38.8 (13.6) 27.3 (15.6) 47.1 (15.6) 33.8 (14.8) Female 333 (73%) 196 (78%) 331 (76%) 291 (88%) 81 (75%) 144 (92%) 1376 (79%) Mean age (SD) 36.2 (12.2) 35.2 (13.0) 35.0 (13.2) 41.7 (13.6) 38.2 (12.4) 42.8 (13.6) 37.8 (13.3) Features of concern Sexual 180 (39%) 109 (43%) 165 (38%) 116 (35%) 29 (27%) 27 (17%) 626 (36%) Facial 211 (46%) 65 (26%) 201 (46%) 190 (58%) 27 (25%) 32 (20%) 726 (42%) Other 64 (14%) 58 (23%) 53 (12%) 23 (7%) 8 (7%) 8 (5%) 214 (12%) None 4 (0%) 20 (8%) 15 (4%) 0 (0%) 44 (41%) 91 (58%) 174 (10%) DAS-59 total score mean (SD) 106.58 (39.84) 97.61 (31.47) 105.21 (50.99) 95.72 (43.98) 67.06 (45.51) 50.42 (33.46)
Derriford Appearance Scale each included virtually all the items in the scale when a minimum loading criterion of .4 was used. The vefactor solution had the advantage of identifying,as the fth factor, a small number of items concerning facial appearance. In view of the importance of the face in human interaction and in clinical work, the ve-factor solution was chosen in preference. The factors were clinically meaningful and identied as general self-consciousness of appearance (GSC), social self-consciousness of appearance (SSC), sexual and bodily self-consciousness of appearance (SBSC), negative self-concept(NSC), and facial self-consciousnessof appearance (FSC). The factor contents are shown in Table 3, together with factor loadings for the combined data set and factor locations of items in the separate clinical and general population sample analyses. The majority of items loaded at .6 or better and, at a minimum criterion loading of .4, all but one of the items are included in a ve-factor solution. The factors have acceptable eigenvalues (22.6–1.7), good homogeneity (Cronbach alphas 5 .97–.73) and the total explained variance is 59.6%. These results from a large clinical sample provisionally conrm the selection of 59 items and indicate a meaningful factorial structure. In view of the need for a scale that will enable comparisons between clinical and non-clinical populations,and which will facilitate explorations of problems of appearance in all contexts, it was necessary to examine the performance of the scale with a general population sample. 207 General population sample With the cooperation of South & West Devon Health Authority, a representative general population sample was constructed from a served population of 470, 600. After an initial pilot study to explore response rates, the target sample (2990) was stratied by age and gender. Postcode was used to ensure appropriate sampling of urban and rural respondentsand broad categories of socio-economicstatus. The general population sample is described in Table 2. Table 2. General population sample (N 5 1001) Concerned by Not concerned by Total general appearance appearance population Number 473 528 1001 Male 155 (33%) 286 (54%) 441 (44%) Mean age (SD) 39.2 (16.5) 50.7 (17.1) 46.7 (17.8) Female 318 (67%) 242 (46%) 560 (56%) Mean age (SD) 40.5 (15.2) 46.3 (18.3) 43.0 (16.8) Features of concern Sexual 108 (23%) 0 (0%) 108 (11%) Facial 193 (41%) 0 (0%) 193 (19%) Other 172 (36%) 0 (0%) 172 (17%) None 0 (0%) 528 (100%) 528 (53%) DAS-59 total score mean (SD) 79.70 (37.08) 29.20 (20.92) 53.10 (38.92) Item analyses and principal components analyses with varimax rotations were carried out on the 1001 general population data sets as they had been for the 1740 clinical respondents. With an item–whole correlation criterion of .5 once again the majority of items were provisionally retained. Retaining the complete item set gave a Cronbach alpha of .98 which conrmed good scale homogeneity. The best factor solution was again a ve-factor structure, with the same factor meanings. However, the factors emerged in these analyses with different strengths to those which had emerged from the clinical population. Nevertheless, the core factor meanings clearly are the same in the two analyses (see Table 3). In particular, self-consciousnessof appearance, as measured by the DAS-59, occurs in the general non-clinical population in much the same form as it does in the highly ‘selected’ clinical population as indicated by the very similar factor contents obtained with both analyses. Also, the mean total scores and variances for the general population (53.1; SD 5 38.9) and for the post-operative clinical population (56.9; SD 5 38.6) are
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