Progress in improving stroke care - National Audit Office

4 Summary Progress in improving stroke careFigure 1Background on strokeWhat Stroke isA stroke occurs when blood flow to part of thebrain is interrupted, causing damage to the braintissue. The two main causes of stroke are bloodclots blocking arteries (Ischaemic, 85 per cent ofall strokes) and arteries bursting (Haemorrhagic,15 per cent).HaemorrhagicIschaemicWhom it affectsStroke, like heart attack, is a vascular disease, andits risk factors include:¬¬¬¬High blood pressure or cholesterolIrregular heart rhythm (atrial fibrillation)DiabetesSmoking¬¬Unhealthy diet or high alcohol intakePrevious stroke or TIA, or family history of strokeStroke is often viewed as a disease of the elderly,but one quarter of strokes occur in people underthe age of 65, and it can strike people of any age,including children.Haemorrhage/bloodleaks into brain tissueClot stops bloodsupply to an area ofthe brainStrokes where the symptoms resolve within24 hours are known as transient ischaemicattacks (TIAs).People of African or Caribbean origin and men ofSouth Asian origin are more likely to have a strokethan people from other ethnic groups.Stroke is more common in men than in women, butwomen who suffer a stroke are more likely to dieof it.the effects on the individualAround one in four people who have a stroke dieof it.Around half of stroke survivors are left dependenton others for everyday activities; among peoplewho survive a stroke, long-term health problemscan include:¬Paralysis down one side of the bodythe effects on the Country as a WholeThere are approximately 110,000 strokes and20,000 TIAs per year in England alone.Around 300,000 people are living with moderate tosevere disabilities as a result of stroke.We estimate that, in 2008-09, the direct care cost ofstroke was at least £3 billion annually, within a widereconomic cost of about £8 billion.¬¬¬Inability to speakLoss of cognitive abilitiesIncontinenceWithout preventative action, there is likely to be anincrease in strokes as the population ages.Other effects of these problems can include loss ofjob and breakdown in relationships.Stroke survivors often need care for some time aftertheir stroke, and potentially for the rest of their lives,which can put emotional and financial strain onthose around them.Source: National Audit Office, Department of Health