Turkish migrants and native Germans compared - IMISCOE Cross ...

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friendships affect labour market outcomes more positively for immigrants than it doesfor native residents. In this sense, the ‘bridging argument’ does not only refer to theethnic dimension but also to occupational stratification or the ‘resource dimension’.For native Germans, the case is different. For them, inter-ethnic friendships have adiversifying effect, but represent a link to a resource-poor(er) group. In other words, thebridging-argument holds, but not the resource-argument. Inter-ethnic friendships aretherefore expected to provide lower returns for Germans than they do for immigrants.This is formulated in Hypothesis 2a.H2a:The positive effect of inter-ethnic friendships on finding employment is larger forTurks than it is for Germans.By the same token, we expect the opposite with respect to intra-ethnic friendships: intraethnicfriendships are more favourable for native Germans than for immigrants. Theargumentation is that for Germans, intra-ethnic friendships tap into a resource-richenvironment, whereas for immigrants it does not. This is formulated in Hypothesis 2b.H2b: The positive effect of having intra-ethnic friendships on finding employment islarger for Germans than it is for TurksMethodologyData and construction of the sampleFor the analysis we use the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP, see (Wagner,Burkhauser, & Behringer, 1993)), which over-samples immigrants and therefore containsa relatively large number of Turkish respondents. Furthermore, it provides a detailedmonthly activity calendar from which can be seen if a person is in education, works, or isunemployed. Due to the availability of information on friendships, the observationperiod is limited to 1996-2007.We are interested in unemployed persons and which factors positively influence thetransition to work. Taking all unemployment periods from the monthly activity calendar,a direct transition to work is defined as realizing part-time or full-time employment that6
OHIO | GEAUGA COUNTYKenston Local School DistrictAccording to its own five-year projections, the Kenston Local School District will have an ending cash balance in2015 of –$13 million. As shown in the “revised” figures below, by reducing compensation package costs by 10percent and limiting future growth to 3.2 percent, the ending cash balance would be $11.8 million.Revenues & ExpendituresIn Millions of Dollars$42Projected RevenueProjected ExpendituresRevised ExpendituresPersonnel CostsAs Percentage of All Revenues110%ProjectedRevisedEnding Cash BalanceIn Millions of Dollars$20ProjectedRevised$39100%$15$10$3690%$5$0$3380%–$5–$10$302008 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 2015Actual Projected70%2008 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 2015Actual Projected–$152008 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 2015Actual ProjectedSchool District DataTotal RevenuesTotal ExpendituresSurplus/DeficitRevised ExpendituresRevised Surplus/DeficitAs % of Total RevenuesPersonnel CostsRevised Personnel CostsEnding Cash BalanceRevised Ending Cash BalanceActualProjected2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015$34,109,532 $34,614,832 $33,910,022 $33,962,565 $33,971,009 $33,836,000 $33,405,000 $32,974,000$32,936,248 $33,326,413 $33,288,225 $34,865,977 $36,406,000 $38,064,000 $39,842,000 $41,729,000$1,173,284 $1,288,419 $621,797 –$903,412 –$2,434,991 –$4,228,000 –$6,437,000 –$8,755,000— — — $30,958,637 $32,045,172 $33,167,281 $34,357,474 $35,598,586— — — $3,003,928 $1,925,837 $668,719 –$952,474 –$2,624,58677.5% 77.9% 80.9% 84.2% 87.8% 92.2% 97.6% 103.5%— — — 72.7% 75.0% 77.7% 81.2% 84.9%$7,876,584 $9,165,003 $9,786,800 $8,883,388 $6,448,397 $2,220,397 –$4,216,603 –$12,971,603— — — $12,790,728 $14,716,565 $15,385,284 $14,432,809 $11,808,224Note: These projections do not reflect all of the anticipated cuts to the state budget that will further impact the projected revenues.Source: Kenston Local School District data provided for the Ohio Department of Education, at http://fyf.oecn.k12.oh.us/ViewForecast.THE BUCKEYE INSTITUTE for PUBLIC POLICY SOLUTIONS
Page 2: IntroductionThe importance of socia
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Page 14 and 15: employment faster. Friends can prov
Page 16 and 17: Mouw, T. (2002). Racial differences
Page 18 and 19: Table 3. Cox regression predicting
Page 20: Figure 3. Friendships that reduce t

Turkish migrants and native Germans compared - IMISCOE Cross ...

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