THE FRENCH REVOLUTION - Educomp Online

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imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them guilty they wereguillotined.3. Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat andbread was rationed. White flour was forbidden. All the citizens were required to eat the equalitybread, a loaf made of whole wheat.4. Equality was also sought to be practiced through forms of speech and address. Instead of thetraditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam) all French men and women were henceforth to bereferred as Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen).5. Churches were shut down and their buildings were converted into barracks or offices. Even the clubsof women were shut down.6. Peasants were forced to transport their grains to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by thegovernment.7. He introduced equality in dressing for men by introducing red liberty cap, stripped trousers andbanning knee breeches.Q19What is Directory? Why was it established? What led to its fall?1. After the fall of the Jacobin Government, a new constitution was formed. It provided for 2 electedlegislative Council.2. These then appointed a Directory which was an executive made up of 5 members.3. This was meant to be a safeguard against concentration of power in one man executive as under theJacobins.4. However the Directors often clashed with the Legislature who then sought to dismiss them.5. The Political instability under the Directory paved the way for the rise of the military dictatorNapoleon Bonaparte.Q20How would you explain the rise of Napoleon? Explain the reforms introduced by him.1. The rule of the Directory created Chaos, confusion and instability as the Directors could never reachto any conclusion.2. Taking advantage of this situation, Napoleon crowned himself as the Emperor of France in 1804.3. He set out to conquer the neighboring countries of Europe. He disposed dynasties, created kingdomswhere he placed members of his family.4. Initially many saw Napoleon as a liberator but soon Napoleonic army came to be viewed everywhereas an invading force.5. Napoleon saw his role as a modernizer of Europe and introduced many laws such asa)Protection of private propertyb) Uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system6. Napoleon was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.Q21List the Rights demanded by Olympe de Gouges in her declaration of rights of women and citizens1. Olympe de Gouges was one of the most important of the politically active women in revolutionaryFrance.2. Some of the basic rights set forth in Olympe de Gouges declaration area)A woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights.b) The goal of all political associations is the preservation of the natural rights of woman andman. These rights are liberty, property, security and above all resistance to oppression.c) The law should be the expressions of the general will, all female and male citizens should havea say either personally or through their representatives in its formulation. It should be thesame for all.6
d) The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation which is nothing but the union of man andwomen.e) No woman is an exception. Women like men should obey the rigorous laws.Q22What was the condition of women in the old regime? How did it change in the New Regime?1. In the old regime, the women did not have basic rights.2. Most women did not have access to education and job training.3. Their wages were lower than that of men.4. Daughters were forced to marry the person of their parent’s choice.5. Even though the women took active part in the French Revolution, The new constitutions declaredthem as passive citizens and denied them their political rights.6. In order to discuss their interests, the women started their own political clubs and newspapers. About60 women’s clubs came up in different French cities. The Society of the Revolutionary and Republicanwomen was the most famous of them.7. The following changes were observed in the new regimea)Schooling was made compulsory for girls.b) Their fathers no longer forced them to marry against their will.c) Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under the Civil law.d) Divorce was made legal and could be applied for by both men and women.e) Women could now train for jobs.Q23What were the reasons for slave trade? Write a note on slavery in France.1. The colonies in the Caribbean were important suppliers of tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. Howeveras the Europeans were unwilling to work in distant and unfamiliar lands, it led to a shortage of labor inplantations. This shortage was met by triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and America.2. The slave trade began in the 17 th century when French merchants sailed to the African coasts, wherethey bought slaves from the local chieftains. These slaves were then branded, shackled and thenpacked tightly into ships for a 3 month long voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean.3. There they were sold to the plantation workers who used them to meet the growing demands inEuropean markets for sugar, coffee and indigo.4. Slavery was abolished in France by the Constitution of 1791 but it was not extended to all Frenchsubjects including those in the colonies.5. It was during the Jacobins reign that the Convention abolished slavery in the French colonies in 1794.Napoleon re introduced slavery in France. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.Q24Describe in detail the political symbols of the French Revolution.(Do it on your own)7
Page 1 and 2: Notes by Geeta KumarTHE FRENCH REVO
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