Socio-economic impact potential of agro tourism activities on Desa ...
Socio-economic impact potential of agro tourism activities on Desa ...
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African Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Agricultural Research Vol. 7(32), pp. 4581-4588, 21 August, 2012<br />
Available <strong>on</strong>line at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR<br />
DOI: 10.5897/AJAR11.295<br />
ISSN 1991-637X © 2012 Academic Journals<br />
Full Length Research Paper<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Socio</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan community living<br />
in Peninsular Malaysia<br />
Azimi Hamzah 1* , Sulaiman M. Yassin 1 , Bahaman Abu Samah 1 , Jeffrey Lawrence D’Silva 1 ,<br />
NedaTiraiyaei 1 , HayrolAzril Mohamed Shaffril 2 and Jegak Uli 2<br />
1 Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.<br />
2 Laboratory <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rural Advancement and Agriculture Extensi<strong>on</strong>, Institute for Social Science Studies,<br />
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.<br />
Accepted 15 June, 2011<br />
Agro-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> is a tool that has been widely used around the world for the purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> intensifying the<br />
socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> aspects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the local community. Malaysia is supportive <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this tool. The main objective<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this paper is to unveil the <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> benefits that can be <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fered by the <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> to progressive fishing communities or locally known as <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan 1 community<br />
in Malaysia. Data were gathered through document analyses. The qualitative studies c<strong>on</strong>cluded that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> can be the impetus for sustainable development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan<br />
community.The benefits include enhancing their social empowerment system, strengthening their<br />
social ties and developing their social skills and relati<strong>on</strong>ships, increasing the income <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> local<br />
community, diversifying and intensifying the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>, providing job opportunities and<br />
alleviati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> poverty. Thus, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> has the <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> to raise the c<strong>on</strong>sciousness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the selected<br />
community regarding sustainable development.<br />
Key words: Agro-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g>, community development, sustainable development, <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> development, social<br />
development.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> as a vehicle by both developed or<br />
developing countries. Agro-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> was originally<br />
developed from ecological movement ideas and c<strong>on</strong>cern<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> societies where mass <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> was developed<br />
(Bramwell, 1994). Agro-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> can be defined as:<br />
“Activities that go within the property, generating occupa-<br />
*Corresp<strong>on</strong>ding author. E-mail: azimi@putra.upm.edu.my or<br />
majudesa.desa@gmail.com.<br />
Abbreviati<strong>on</strong>: Fisheries Development Authority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Malaysia<br />
(LKIM); Women Group Associati<strong>on</strong> (KUNITA); community are<br />
not well managed (CNWM), community are well managed<br />
(CWM); community are successful (CAS).<br />
Ti<strong>on</strong>s that complement the agricultural <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> that<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinues to make part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> daily life <strong>on</strong> the property with<br />
the greater access or lesser intensity. These <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
should be understood as a part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a process <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> adding<br />
services to the agriculture products and n<strong>on</strong>-materials<br />
value existing <strong>on</strong> rural properties (landscape and fresh<br />
air, etc) using the free time <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> farm families and<br />
sometimes using hired labour.<br />
Some example <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> associated with <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
are ranch resorts, leisure fishing, hunting grounds,<br />
country lodging, country restaurants, farmers‟ markets,<br />
local handcrafts, home industries and other leisure<br />
1 A village listed as the <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan has the ability to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer<br />
attractive <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> and has a numerous <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> which can<br />
attract a bigger number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> tourists either local or foreign.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong>WawasanNelayan is <strong>on</strong>e the community development programs guided by<br />
Fisheries Development Authority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Malaysia (LKIM).
4582 Afr. J. Agric. Res.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> devoted to the revival <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the local residents lifestyle”<br />
(Graziano Da Silva et al., 1998).<br />
Some developed countries such as the U.S.A. have<br />
extensive history in <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>, while<br />
developing countries such as Thailand have shown a<br />
promising development in the industry. Agro-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> is<br />
believed to have started in the United States in the early<br />
1800s (Karabati et al., 2009). Rural recreati<strong>on</strong> gained<br />
interest again in the 1930s and in the 1940s am<strong>on</strong>g<br />
people who were seeking an escape from the stress <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the great depressi<strong>on</strong> after World War II. A number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
countries <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the world have transformed their ec<strong>on</strong>omies<br />
through <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>. In Thailand, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
has been used as <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the main medium to attract<br />
tourists from all over the world. Authority there has<br />
started a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> projects and the<br />
projects were granted almost 125 milli<strong>on</strong> bath. Since the<br />
advent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> in Thailand in 2002, there have<br />
been c<strong>on</strong>stantly increasing numbers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> private<br />
agricultural entrepreneurs participating in the ventures,<br />
thus, opening a new destinati<strong>on</strong> for the <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
industries. In that year, a total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 98 farming communities<br />
have joined the Thailand nati<strong>on</strong>al scheme. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
this scheme is significant since half a milli<strong>on</strong> tourists have<br />
visited the farm areas (Taemsaran, 2005). Agro-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
in Greece has promoted the mountainous and less<br />
favoured areas to attract tourists. Priority has been given<br />
to the areas with declining ec<strong>on</strong>omies or populati<strong>on</strong> or to<br />
border and peripheral areas with spatial restricti<strong>on</strong>s that<br />
are laid for the development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> holdings in<br />
mass <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> areas. The Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Agriculture provided<br />
an overall <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> development plan for Greece<br />
initially without having a specific organizati<strong>on</strong> at the<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al or local level to include the private enterprises<br />
(Aikaterini et al., 2001).<br />
AGRO-TOURISM IN MALAYSIA<br />
Similar to other developing countries, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
industry is gaining ground in Malaysia as the country has<br />
a wealth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> products to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer local and foreign visitors<br />
alike. In additi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> is a catalyst for initiating<br />
sustainable <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> and diversifying rural<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Agro-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g>, as it is formally known has a<br />
huge <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> to improve the community income and<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> small farms, rural communities<br />
and <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-based ventures throughout the country. It is a<br />
new <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept that received a positive acceptance<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g local and internati<strong>on</strong>al tourists. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> in Malaysia include visits to orchards, animal<br />
farms, research centres and homestay programs. The<br />
main agency resp<strong>on</strong>sible for the development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
is the Agriculture and Agro-based industry, while<br />
the Tourism Ministry complements in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> its<br />
promoti<strong>on</strong>. There are approximately more than hundred<br />
tourist destinati<strong>on</strong>s in Malaysia that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Ten <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these destinati<strong>on</strong>s are under the<br />
jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan authority.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan areas <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer the relaxati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
calmness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nature to urban dweller and a peaceful<br />
retreat away from home. As <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan is<br />
<strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the major attracti<strong>on</strong>s for <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> in<br />
Malaysia, this study would like to discover the <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g>s that can be benefited by the<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan community in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> and envir<strong>on</strong>mental <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
Experiences and informati<strong>on</strong> from studies c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
locally and from all around the world will be referred for<br />
the purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> identifying the <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> that can be gained at <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan<br />
areas.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan background<br />
There are numerous <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> that can be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted at a <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan including<br />
homestay, sport-fishing, floating chalet, fish barbecue<br />
plazas (Medan IkanBakar), river edging, fireflies seeking<br />
expediti<strong>on</strong>s, picnics and village tours. In 2009, at the<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan competiti<strong>on</strong>, there were<br />
10 <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan villages were listed as the<br />
candidates. Seven <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these villages are located in<br />
Peninsular Malaysia while the others were located in the<br />
Sabah/Sarawak z<strong>on</strong>e. The ten candidates for the 2009<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan Nati<strong>on</strong>al competiti<strong>on</strong> were:<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan BebulohLaut<br />
There are numerous <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> that can be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted at a <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan including<br />
homestay, sport-fishing, floating chalet, fish barbecue<br />
plazas (Medan IkanBakar), river edging, fireflies seeking<br />
expediti<strong>on</strong>s, picnics and village tours. In 2009, at the<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan competiti<strong>on</strong>, 10 <strong>Desa</strong><br />
Wawasan Nelayan villages were listed as candidates.<br />
Seven <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these villages were located in Peninsular<br />
Malaysia while the others located in the Sabah/Sarawak<br />
z<strong>on</strong>e. The ten candidates for the 2009 <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan<br />
Nelayan Nati<strong>on</strong>al competiti<strong>on</strong> were:<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan Kuala Pahang<br />
Kuala Pahang village covers 1.6 km 2 . The populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
this village is 2823. More than two thirds <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> its populati<strong>on</strong><br />
(70%) is fishermen. It has a unique and fascinating<br />
natural attracti<strong>on</strong> to the visitors. Interestingly, this village<br />
also houses a royal mausoleum and a police stati<strong>on</strong><br />
which is believed to be the first police stati<strong>on</strong> in Pahang.<br />
Anglers will find Kuala Pahang village as a fishing haven<br />
as there are plenty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fish farms built by Fisheries
Development Authority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Malaysia (LKIM).<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan MempakadLaut<br />
The term “MempakadLaut” comes from the word “Pakad”<br />
which simply means „good and harm<strong>on</strong>ious relati<strong>on</strong>ship<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g people‟. It has a populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 669 people <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
which most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> them are Malays. It was utilized by the<br />
Japanese army in initiating their war strategies. Located<br />
<strong>on</strong> the shores <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> TelukMarudu in the district <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pitas<br />
Island at the Northwest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sabah, it has two famous<br />
islands known as KapalSipirak and BatuBerunsai.<br />
KapalSipirak is a well-known island having the shape <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
ship while BatuBerunsai has a rock island in the shape <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
a dancing man. According to senior villagers it was<br />
formed due to a curse.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan Ketam Island<br />
Located within the district <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Kangar, Ketam Island is well<br />
known with its str<strong>on</strong>g Malay values. It has a populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
366 people. Not too many places can <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer what <strong>Desa</strong><br />
Wawasan Nelayan Ketam Island can <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer, for instance,<br />
the breeding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nipah crabs in cages. Tourists will have<br />
the opportunity to catch the crab through the traditi<strong>on</strong>al<br />
way using crab cages. The village also has a large<br />
porti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mangrove area, which has been declared as a<br />
forest reserve by the government. Doubtlessly, it has a<br />
huge <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> to be developed as a unique tourist area in<br />
the northern Peninsular Malaysia.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan Suri Island<br />
Suri Island village is <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the traditi<strong>on</strong>al Malay fishing<br />
villages that is located <strong>on</strong> the atoll at the Kelantan river‟s<br />
estuary. The populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this village is 400 who still hold<br />
str<strong>on</strong>gly to the Malay customs, culture and way <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> living.<br />
Nature‟s beauty and serenity are am<strong>on</strong>g the main<br />
attracti<strong>on</strong>s to the tourists.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan Rhu 10<br />
With its populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 668 and situated at the scenic<br />
shores in Terengganu, Rhu 10 village is well known with<br />
its white sandy beaches and the rows <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> pine trees<br />
providing perfect shades for the tourists to relax and<br />
enjoy the sea breeze and breath taking seaside view. On<br />
top <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> it, Rhu 10 village is very famous with its home-stay<br />
and chalets which is <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the income generators for the<br />
villagers.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan SediliKechil<br />
Situated in Southern Malaysia in the district <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Kota<br />
Hamzah et al. 4583<br />
Tinggi, Johor, it has a populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1,500 people.<br />
SediliKechil village is a traditi<strong>on</strong>al Malay village. Facing<br />
the South China Sea, this village has flat beaches.<br />
SediliKechil is covered by greeneries and is famous for<br />
its mangrove recreati<strong>on</strong>al park.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan Senau<br />
Named after the Senau River, it has a populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
1,297. Senau Village is a fishing village. The Senau River<br />
was the main transportati<strong>on</strong> route used before the road<br />
was built in the village but the river remains the main<br />
source <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> water supply for commercialized agriculture<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Interestingly, Senau village homestay is <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
the main attracti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> in Sarawak.<br />
This activity is widely promoted by the Sarawak Tourism<br />
Acti<strong>on</strong> Council.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan Teluk Tempoyak<br />
Teluk Tempoyak is a Malay fishing village situated at the<br />
Southeast <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Penang. It has a populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1,200. Well<br />
known for its natural beauty combined with the sea<br />
breeze, it has a huge ability to attract local and foreign<br />
tourists. On top <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> it, this village is also well known for its<br />
fresh grilled fish. There are a lot <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> restaurants <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fering<br />
fresh fish that are open every evening.<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan Teluk Gadung<br />
This village is located <strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the famous <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
islands in Malaysia, the Pangkor Island. A total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 540<br />
people are living in this village. It is famous for its natural<br />
beauty especially the crystal-clear waters and white<br />
beaches. Within this village, a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> historical places<br />
such as the written rock and the Dutch Fort can be found.<br />
The details <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> according to the<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan areas are shown in Tables 1, 2<br />
and 3.<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
Potential <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
in Malaysia<br />
As menti<strong>on</strong>ed earlier, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> indeed has the<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> to uplift the socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> status <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <strong>Desa</strong><br />
Wawasan Nelayan community. Am<strong>on</strong>g the effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> are:<br />
1. Social <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
(a) Community empowerment<br />
(b) Village community development<br />
2. Ec<strong>on</strong>omic <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g>
4584 Afr. J. Agric. Res.<br />
Table 1. Social <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> in <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan.<br />
Community <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>/villages BebulohLaut<br />
Kuala Sungai<br />
Pahang<br />
MempakadLaut Ketam Island Suri Island Rhu 10 SediliKechil Senau<br />
Teluk<br />
Tempoyak<br />
Annual l<strong>on</strong>g boat races √<br />
BeritaHarian GP Joran (Popular Fishing competiti<strong>on</strong> held by famous<br />
newspaper company)<br />
√ √<br />
*Berzanji and **Marhaban √ √<br />
Computer classes for family <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the fishermen √<br />
Cooking classes √<br />
***Got<strong>on</strong>g-roy<strong>on</strong>g √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √<br />
Independence day boat show √<br />
****Kendarat <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> √<br />
Kindergarten parents’ associati<strong>on</strong> √<br />
Leader meet the community program √ √<br />
Medical checkup program √ √<br />
Nature disaster d<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> presentati<strong>on</strong> √ √<br />
Religious <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> (for Muslim community, including quran classes) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √<br />
*****Silat and ******dikirbarat group √ √<br />
Student counseling classes √ √<br />
Thankful wingding √ √<br />
Visi<strong>on</strong>ary force campaign √<br />
Village visi<strong>on</strong> movement campaign √<br />
Women group associati<strong>on</strong> (KUNITA) √<br />
1) *Berzanji is a Islamic religious s<strong>on</strong>g and berzanji is usually sang at wedding cerem<strong>on</strong>y and Maulidurrasul (prophet birthday); 2) **Marhaban means welcome and as same as berzanji, it is a religious<br />
s<strong>on</strong>g and Marhaban is usually sang at events such as wedding cerem<strong>on</strong>y and Maulidurrasul (prophet birthday); 3) ***Got<strong>on</strong>g-roy<strong>on</strong>g- a joint community program, usually c<strong>on</strong>ducted for the beautificati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the village envir<strong>on</strong>ments 4) ****Kendarat- the people who clear up the plates, wash them etc during a typical malay wedding; 5) *****Silat- indigenous martial arts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Malay; 6) ******Dikirbarat is a<br />
musical form, native to the Malay Peninsula, that involves singing in group, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten in a competitive setting and almost always without instrumental accompaniment.<br />
(a) Increased income <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the local community<br />
(b) Intensifying and diversifying the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
(c) Employment opportunities<br />
(d) Poverty alleviati<strong>on</strong><br />
3. Sustainable development<br />
(a) Envir<strong>on</strong>mental sustainability<br />
The following paragraphs provide the discussi<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>on</strong> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
agri<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g>:<br />
Social Impact<br />
Community empowerment: In terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social<br />
development, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> programs can aid in<br />
driving the community development to the highest<br />
level. Agro<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> can also aid in building the<br />
community pride and c<strong>on</strong>fidence. Intensificati<strong>on</strong><br />
and diversificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
brought by <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> will strengthen the<br />
purchasing power <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the local community and this<br />
without doubt will be <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the mechanisms to<br />
improve the local communities‟ quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> life and<br />
Teluk<br />
Gadung<br />
standard <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> living. In a study carried out by Pearce<br />
(1990), visitors were beneficial for the younger<br />
children, since the latter were able to meet people<br />
from different places and cultures within their<br />
homes. While visitors occasi<strong>on</strong>ally helped with<br />
farm <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>, few hosts saw this assistance as<br />
a motive for having guests. Mental rather<br />
than physical c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s from the guests<br />
were prized. As a result, culture transformati<strong>on</strong><br />
also will occur.Agro<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> will also cause some<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> to be intensified such<br />
as cultural shows, religious <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>,
Table 2. Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Activities in <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan.<br />
Hamzah et al. 4585<br />
Community <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>/villages<br />
Ec<strong>on</strong>omic <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
BebulohLaut Kuala Sungai Pahang MempakadLaut Ketam Island Suri Island Rhu 10 SediliKechil Senau Teluk Tempoyak Teluk Gadung<br />
Boat making √ √ √<br />
Caged fish breeder √ √ √ √ √<br />
Cattle and goat breeding √ √ √ √<br />
Chicken breeding √<br />
Coc<strong>on</strong>ut farming √<br />
Crab breeding/snail gathering √<br />
Fish net/engine retail shop √<br />
Food and cakes industry √ √ √<br />
Food outlets, grocery, store √ √ √<br />
“Halwa” fruit workshop √<br />
Handicraft √ √ √ √<br />
Leech breeding √<br />
Mangrove plantati<strong>on</strong> √<br />
Manufacture machine for food industries √<br />
Sea products processing √ √ √ √ √ √ √<br />
Sewing workshop √ √ √<br />
Tiger prawn breeding √ √<br />
Tobacco plantati<strong>on</strong> √<br />
Palm oil and vegetable √<br />
Table 3. Agro<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> in <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan.<br />
Community <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>/villages BebulohLaut Kuala Sungai Pahang MempakadLaut Ketam Island Suri Island Rhu 10 SediliKechil Senau Teluk Tempoyak Teluk Gadung<br />
Catching giant grasshopper √<br />
Chalet √ √ √ √ √<br />
Fireflies watching √<br />
Home-stay √ √ √ √ √<br />
Restaurant and grilling site √ √ √ √ √ √ √<br />
River cruising √ √ √<br />
Sport fishing √ √ √ √ √<br />
Village touring √<br />
Visit to historical places √
4586 Afr. J. Agric. Res.<br />
Table 4. Level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> community development.<br />
CWNM CWM CIS<br />
Selfish Have an organizati<strong>on</strong> with a clear visi<strong>on</strong>, missi<strong>on</strong> and program Realize the problems that exist within the community and resp<strong>on</strong>se the problems positively.<br />
Unc<strong>on</strong>scious <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the problems existing<br />
within the community<br />
Have a set <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> skilled and democratic leaders Have a sustainable educati<strong>on</strong> program<br />
Do not care Members learn about new knowledge and skills Have the ability to overcome c<strong>on</strong>flicts and differences<br />
Unable to solve problems Learn about the community problems Have a str<strong>on</strong>g relati<strong>on</strong>ship with groups and government agencies<br />
Disunite Have a plan to solve problems Leaders who are skilled and have a positive attitude<br />
Not perform their task In the process <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> initiating a socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> project Posses success record<br />
No relati<strong>on</strong>ship The community possess positive value Can manipulate the sources, be they internal or external sources<br />
Involve actively in the community <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> Have a community asset, developed and managed by the community themselves<br />
Start to initiate different ideas and opini<strong>on</strong>s Have social services such as water, road, health, transportati<strong>on</strong>, educati<strong>on</strong> and so <strong>on</strong>.<br />
Start to build relati<strong>on</strong>ship Realize and practice envir<strong>on</strong>mental acti<strong>on</strong>s that are positive and sustainable<br />
Limited political c<strong>on</strong>sciousness Women have equal rights and specialties and are involved in the community<br />
Have a unique quality<br />
Involve important decisi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
Mature political c<strong>on</strong>sciousness<br />
Sulaiman (1995).<br />
sports events, collaborative events and others<br />
social <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> which require the local<br />
community‟s involvement. The intensificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
these <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> especially those that are related<br />
with culture will provide opportunities for the<br />
younger generati<strong>on</strong> to learn and know about their<br />
culture. In additi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> will strengthen<br />
the community instituti<strong>on</strong>, socializati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
networking and leadership. The community <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan will gain due to the<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> to the improvement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
social infrastructure and services like schools,<br />
library, health care, ICT centre, and public<br />
transportati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Village community development: According to<br />
Sulaiman (1995), there are three levels <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> village<br />
community social development: community is not<br />
well managed (CNWM), community is well<br />
managed (CWM) and community is successful<br />
(CIS) (Table 4). Without doubt, with its huge<br />
socio-<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> opportunities, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> is <strong>on</strong>e<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the mechanisms that can aid the community to<br />
be at the highest level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> community development<br />
as suggested by Sulaiman (1995).<br />
Ec<strong>on</strong>omic <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Increased income <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the local community:<br />
Agro<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> carries with it a great capacity to<br />
initiate an additi<strong>on</strong>al source <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> income for the<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan community. Referring to<br />
previous studies carried out by Els<strong>on</strong> et al. (1995)<br />
and by Gusti (2007), there are two main focuses<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the agriculture community which are to get<br />
extra income and to c<strong>on</strong>tribute to the local<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omy. One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g>s to be developed in<br />
the <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan areas is the<br />
development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> agriculture areas. The<br />
development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> such areas through <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
indeed can be an impetus to improve the local<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omy, which result in slowing down <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
depopulati<strong>on</strong>, supporting local services, and<br />
leading to c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> projects (Davies and<br />
Gilbert, 1992). On top <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this, the intensificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> brought by <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> such<br />
as chalet rental, homestay, local products selling,<br />
restaurants and fish grilling, for example, have a<br />
huge <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> to assist the local community in<br />
getting extra income.<br />
Intensifying and diversifying the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>: For sure, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> has a huge<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> to further intensify the <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the local community. Before this perhaps<br />
the financial resources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan
Figure 1. Sustainable development model, (Granau<br />
and K<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fman, 2008).<br />
Nelayan were solely from the fish catching <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>, but<br />
after the emergence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g>, they have the<br />
opportunity to run a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> and<br />
this is not surprising as it has been proven by a number<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> previous studies (Gusti, 2007; Barlybaev et al., 2009;<br />
Holland et al., 2003). Based <strong>on</strong> his study, Gusti (2007),<br />
for example, c<strong>on</strong>cluded that generating related <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
businesses are the most <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
development with businesses such as agricultural<br />
product sales, hand-made souvenirs or handicraft,<br />
opportunity to establish food stalls or restaurants and<br />
certain types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> accommodati<strong>on</strong> such as homestay, villa,<br />
hotel and motel. Gusti (2007) furthermore stressed that<br />
agricultural products are the main products that are<br />
demanded by the tourists. According to Wils<strong>on</strong> et al.<br />
(2001), <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> has an advantage which is less<br />
costly to develop and easier to establish as compared to<br />
other <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> development strategies. Results revealed<br />
by Lobo et al. (1999) supported what had been stressed<br />
by Gusti (2007), when they emphasized that <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
will have an <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> the demand for local products,<br />
intensify regi<strong>on</strong>al marketing efforts and widen the<br />
markets linkage and networking. This for sure will further<br />
boost the m<strong>on</strong>ey-making <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> and generate pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>its<br />
for the community.<br />
Employment opportunities: One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the primary benefits<br />
brought by <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> is bigger employment<br />
opportunities (Yang et al., 2010; Gusti, 2007; Akpinar et<br />
al., 2003). This opportunity is not <strong>on</strong>ly for the heads <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the<br />
families but also for their wives and family members.<br />
Ec<strong>on</strong>omic <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> brought by <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
have the capacity to generate a large scale <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled local<br />
communities. Hotels, chalets and motels for example will<br />
flourish and a lot <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> human resources power is needed to<br />
run such businesses. Furthermore, local communities<br />
have the opti<strong>on</strong>s to be empowered and be involved in<br />
self-employed <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> such as selling local<br />
products (sea products and handicrafts), c<strong>on</strong>ducting<br />
Hamzah et al. 4587<br />
seafood restaurants, homestay businesses and others.<br />
Poverty alleviati<strong>on</strong>: The intensificati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
diversificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fered by the<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity can be an effective instrument to<br />
alleviate the poverty problems that might occur within the<br />
<strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan community. According to<br />
Jamies<strong>on</strong> et al. (2004), <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> can be an effective<br />
instrument to fight poverty if these three requirements<br />
can be fulfilled:<br />
1. Ec<strong>on</strong>omic benefits gained through the <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> full or<br />
part time employment or the development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> SME<br />
opportunities produced by the intensificati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
diversificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> brought by<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
2. Other livelihood benefits such as access to potable<br />
water, roads which bring benefits to poor producers<br />
through, for example, improved access to markets,<br />
improved health and educati<strong>on</strong> and other benefits.<br />
3. Opportunities and capacity for engagement in<br />
decisi<strong>on</strong>-making to make the poor able to improve their<br />
livelihood by securing better access to tourist and <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
enterprise.<br />
Sustainable development<br />
According to Granau and K<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fman (2008) and Manzilu<br />
and Iancu (2006), <str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> (which include<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g>) can assist in achieving community<br />
sustainable development. Granau and K<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fman (2008),<br />
drew this c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> based <strong>on</strong> the justificati<strong>on</strong> that in<br />
terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> sustainability, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> can act as<br />
an additi<strong>on</strong>al source <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> income which will boost the<br />
community purchasing power. Thus this will support<br />
sustainable development. Granau and K<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fman (2008)<br />
furthermore justified that in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social development,<br />
(Figure 1). Agro<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> can be a tool for the<br />
preservati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultural identity, to further develop the<br />
local societies and to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer a fair allocati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> resources.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>versely, Granau and K<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fman (2008) also stressed<br />
that <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> doubtlessly will develop people‟s<br />
positive attitude towards envir<strong>on</strong>ment preservati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Envir<strong>on</strong>ment sustainability: Envir<strong>on</strong>ment sustainability<br />
is indeed an important issue to be emphasized within the<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan as it is<br />
hugely linked to the social and <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> issues as most<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan communities are<br />
dependent <strong>on</strong> natural resources. The dependency can be<br />
a success if the envir<strong>on</strong>ment is well managed by the<br />
community and by the resp<strong>on</strong>sible agencies (Keskinen<br />
and Varis, 2005).<br />
C<strong>on</strong>versely, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> will encourage the authorities<br />
and the community to preserve the envir<strong>on</strong>ment more<br />
than before and will create envir<strong>on</strong>mental awareness<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g the community (Anthopolou, 2000). Besides,
4588 Afr. J. Agric. Res.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> can help capitalize and preserve the natural,<br />
historical, and cultural resources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> communities. Thus, it<br />
will ensure the envir<strong>on</strong>ment attractiveness and the<br />
authenticity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> their tourist sites. In return this will attract<br />
more tourists to their places. In a study completed by<br />
Sijlbing (2010), the author c<strong>on</strong>cluded that sustainable<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> will <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer a soluti<strong>on</strong> for envir<strong>on</strong>mental<br />
sustainability. All <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these will result in polluti<strong>on</strong> and noise<br />
free sites for <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
Based <strong>on</strong> the analyses and discussi<strong>on</strong> above, the<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> in Malaysia, specifically those<br />
related to the <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan areas, the<br />
benefits are multi-dimensi<strong>on</strong>al. Socially, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> will<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fer numerous tourist destinati<strong>on</strong>s and subsequently will<br />
strengthen the local community‟s pride and c<strong>on</strong>fidence.<br />
Above all the industry has the <str<strong>on</strong>g>potential</str<strong>on</strong>g> for cultural and<br />
physical transformati<strong>on</strong>. More importantly, <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
will alleviate poverty through the intensificati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
diversificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> resulting in<br />
availability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> huge employment opportunities for the<br />
members <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the community.<br />
Based <strong>on</strong> the results gained, initiative can be taken by<br />
providing new <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> projects to <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan<br />
Nelayan areas. This is essential as the new <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
projects will strengthen, intensify and diversify the<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the local community, thus, this can<br />
<strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the key catalysts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the related agencies to<br />
overcome the poverty and unemployment problems<br />
within the <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan area. Off course, the<br />
receivers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the new <str<strong>on</strong>g>ec<strong>on</strong>omic</str<strong>on</strong>g> projects (if granted), need<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinuous guidance and supports from the related<br />
agencies.<br />
Based <strong>on</strong> this, a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> future researches can be<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted which focus more specific to the social<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan Nelayan. First, is <strong>on</strong> the<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> the religious life <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <strong>Desa</strong><br />
Wawasan Nelayan community Sec<strong>on</strong>d is study <strong>on</strong> the<br />
sustainable livelihood <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <strong>Desa</strong>WawasanNelayan<br />
community and third is the <str<strong>on</strong>g>impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the Got<strong>on</strong>g Roy<strong>on</strong>g<br />
program <strong>on</strong> the social values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the <strong>Desa</strong> Wawasan<br />
Nelayan community. All <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> these research projects if can<br />
be implemented will indeed strengthen <str<strong>on</strong>g>agro</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>tourism</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>activities</str<strong>on</strong>g> especially in Malaysia.<br />
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