esp<strong>on</strong>ds by retrieving the requested Web page or giving an error message in case of failing to do so. 3. Once the Proxy Server receives the requested Web page, the Proxy Server sends it to the Analyzer and Extractor comp<strong>on</strong>ent. In turn, the Analyzer and Extractor comp<strong>on</strong>ent extracts the block out of the htrnl file and starts analyzing the form block to identify the input fields. Figure 5 shows the main HTML block of a currency c<strong>on</strong>verter Web page. 4. The extracted informati<strong>on</strong> is then transcoded into XForrns and passed to the Web Interface Generator comp<strong>on</strong>ent. Figure 6 illustrates part of the generated XForms code corresp<strong>on</strong>ding to the retrieved HTML form. 5. Based <strong>on</strong> the client device profile, c<strong>on</strong>text and user preferences, the Web Interface Generator processes the abstracted XForms and generates a c<strong>on</strong>crete ready-for-rendering informati<strong>on</strong> in X+V format and send it to the proxy server. US Dollar Australian Dollar 1
proxy server to perform the Web page processing and generating the MMI equivalent interface nor needs modifying the Web servers of the c<strong>on</strong>tent providers. On the other hand, this architecture requires a client mobile device with c<strong>on</strong>siderable computati<strong>on</strong>al power; which is not the case for most of the mobile devices. Moreover, this architecture requires deploying the client applicati<strong>on</strong> to every client device, causing maintenance and updating overhead. Requiring client side adopti<strong>on</strong> and change generally represents a greater barrier to adopti<strong>on</strong>. Another alternate would be a server- based architecture. In this architecture, a multimodal browser is installed <strong>on</strong> the mobile client device and the multimodal Web interface generator comp<strong>on</strong>ent is deployed to the server side and can be integrated with the Web server. Obviously this will require updating and maintaining the deployed comp<strong>on</strong>ents <strong>on</strong> the Web server of every c<strong>on</strong>tent provider. It also needs supporting the various types of Web servers. Obviously, in a proxy- based architecture there is no need to modify, update, or maintain either the client devices or Web servers. In additi<strong>on</strong>, it utilizes the computati<strong>on</strong>al power and resources that the proxy servers usually have. With this architecture, the generated XForms can be cashed <strong>on</strong> the proxy server for better system resp<strong>on</strong>siveness, and manual refinement if needed. Furthermore, in this architecture, the client multimodal browser is required to process <strong>on</strong>ly X+V and the XForms processing is delegated to a proxy comp<strong>on</strong>ent. 5. Future Work As we menti<strong>on</strong>ed earlier in this paper, we attempt to auto generate MMI enabled Web interface for mobile devices out of existing Web pages or Web services descripti<strong>on</strong>. We started by addressing the Web forms as a pivotal comp<strong>on</strong>ent of any Web page. Further research will address the other comp<strong>on</strong>ents of the Web page c<strong>on</strong>tents structure as well the layout structure. Also, a testbed will be setup to evaluate the generated multimodal Web interfaces and investigate the limits and issues that may arise during a full auto-generati<strong>on</strong> cycle of modalities. 6 C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> Multimodal mobile Web access of existing Web pages and or Web services has the potential to significantly change the mobile devices pattern of use, leading to better user experience and productivity. In this paper, we proposed a unifying architecture that facilitates automatic generati<strong>on</strong> of multimodal interface for Web c<strong>on</strong>tents including both Web pages and Web services. References: [1] ACCESS Systems' NetFr<strong>on</strong>t multi modal browser, viewed 29 September 2005 http:// www-306.ibm.comlsoftware/pervasive/ multimodal/ [2] Anders<strong>on</strong>, c.R., Domingos, P. & Weld, D.S. 2001, 'Adaptive web navigati<strong>on</strong> for wireless devices', The 17th Internati<strong>on</strong>al Joint C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, USA, pp. 879-884. [3] Chai, J., Lin, 1., Zadrozny, W., Ye, Y., Budzikowska, M., Horvath, V., Kambhatla, N. & Wolf, C. 2000, 'Comparative Evaluati<strong>on</strong> of a Natural Language Dialog Based System and a Menu Driven System for Informati<strong>on</strong> Access: a Case Study', The Internati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> Multimedia Informati<strong>on</strong> Retrieval (RIAO 2000), Paris, France. [4] Chen, Y., Xie, X., Ma, W.-Y. & Zhang, H.-J. 2005, 'Adapting Web Pages for Small-Screen Devices', IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 9, no. 1. [5] Cohen, P.R., Johnst<strong>on</strong>, M., McGee, D., Oviatt, S.L., Clow, J. & Smith, I. 1998, 'The efficiency of multi modal interacti<strong>on</strong>: A case study', The Internati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> Spoken Language Processing, Sydney, pp. 249-252. [6] C<strong>on</strong>sortium, W. W. W. 2000. Web Services Descripti<strong>on</strong> Language (WSDL) 1.1. viewed 29 September 2005 http://www.w3.orgffR/wsdl.htm [7] C<strong>on</strong>sortium, W.W.W. 2003, Multimodal Interacti<strong>on</strong> Framework, viewed 29 September 2005 http://www.w3.orgITR/2003/NOTEmmi-framework-20030506/. [8] C<strong>on</strong>sortium, W.W.W. 2004, Authoring Techniques for Device Independence. W3C Working Group Note 18 February 2004, viewed 29 September 2005 http://www.w3.orgITR/2004/NOTE-di-atdi- 20040218/. [9] C<strong>on</strong>sortium, W.W.W. 2004, Ink Markup Language, W3C Working Draft 28 September 2004, viewed 29 September 2005 http://www .w3.orgffR/2004/WD- InkML- 20040928/. [10] C<strong>on</strong>sortium, W.W.W. 2004, XForms-The Next Generati<strong>on</strong> of Web Forms, viewed 29
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