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DESCRIPTION OF AIR AND SURFACE BURSTS 33Figure 2.15.The mushroom cloud formed in a nuclear explosion in the megaton energyrange, photographed from an altitude of 12,000 feet at a distance of about 50miles.at about one-half the altitude of the top. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SURFACEFor higher yields, the broad base will BURSTprobably be in the vicinity of the tropopause.There is a change in cloud shape 2.18 Since many of the phenomenain going from the kiloton to the megaton and effects of a nuclear explosion ocrange.A typical cloud from a 10-kiloton curring on or near the earth's surface areair burst would reach a height of 19,000 similar to those associated with an airfeet with the base at about 10,000 feet; burst, it is convenient before proceedingthe horizontal extent would also be further to refer to some of the specialroughly 10,000 feet. For an explosion in characteristics of a surface burst. Inthe megaton range, however, the hori- such a burst, the fireball in its rapidzontal dimensions are greater than the initial growth, abuts (or touches) thetotal height (cf. Fig. 2.16).surface of the earth (Fig. 2.18a). Be---
34 DESCRIPTIONS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS3005528-50I- 26'" -~ 24 45 [:J...::!0 22 ~f/)40 '"0 I-Z 2 :>..lf/)~ 35:> 18 f/)0 -%!:; 16 30 ~f/) 15:> ..(3 14 25 a:~ 12 ~~ 20 ~I- 1 ~% '"~ 15 %'" 8 0% :>0g 6 10 d0-' 4(.)5201 10 10' 10 10 23 x 10.YIELO(KILOTONS)Figure 2.16.Approximate values of stabilized cloud height and radius as a function ofexplosion yield for land surface or low air bursts.Figure 2.18a.Fireball formed by a nuclear explosion in the megaton energy range near theearth's surface. The maximum diameter of the fireball was 31/4 miles.
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